Kamus Istilah Ilmu Bahasa: untuk Orang Awam

a

" Ante " (Latin untuk "sebelum"). Oleh karena itu, kutipan dari " a. 1924" adalah kutipan paling lambat tahun 1923.

singkatan

Bentuk kata atau frasa yang dipersingkat, seperti inisialisme , akronim , atau kliping .

kasus ablatif

Sebuah kasus yang menunjukkan pemisahan, atau bergerak menjauh dari sesuatu. Ini digunakan sendiri atau dengan preposisi tertentu . Misalnya, jika bahasa Inggris memiliki sistem kasus yang sepenuhnya produktif yang menyertakan kasus ablatif, maka frasa berasal dari kota , baik "kota" atau "dari kota" kemungkinan besar akan menjadi ablatif. Dalam beberapa bahasa, seperti Latin, case ini telah memperoleh banyak kegunaan lain dan tidak lagi secara tegas menunjukkan pemisahan.

ablaut

Dalam Proto-Indo-Eropa , atau salah satu turunannya ( bahasa Indo-Eropa ), sistem pergantian vokal di mana vokal yang digunakan di berbagai bagian kata dapat berubah tergantung pada artinya. Sistem ini digunakan untuk tujuan infleksi dan derivasi kata. Dalam bahasa Jermanik, ini menjadi dasar dari kata kerja kuat . Suatu bentuk tertentu dari ablaut disebut sebagai kelas ; lihat misalnya kelas nol . (Lebih lanjut di ablaut Indo-Eropa di Wikipedia. )

kasus absolutif

Sebuah kasus yang digunakan untuk menunjukkan pasien atau mengalaminya dari kata kerja tindakan 's.

kata benda abstrak

Kata benda yang menunjukkan ide, emosi, perasaan, kualitas, atau konsep abstrak atau tidak berwujud lainnya, sebagai lawan dari benda konkret, atau benda fisik. Antonim dari kata benda beton .

kata kerja abstrak

Dalam bahasa Slavia , kata kerja gerak yang gerakannya multidirectional (berlawanan dengan searah) atau tidak langsung, atau yang tindakannya diulang atau dalam rangkaian ( iteratif ). Juga disebut kata kerja tak tentu . Jenis kata kerja yang berlawanan, yang mengekspresikan satu tindakan lengkap, disebut kata kerja konkret (atau kata kerja determinat ). Kata kerja gerak dalam bahasa Slavia datang dalam / pasang leksikal abstrak beton, misalnya Rusia ходить ( xodít' , “ untuk pergi (abstrak) ” )vs идти ( IDTI , “ untuk pergi (beton) ” ) , бегать ( bégat' , “ untuk menjalankan (abstrak) ” ) vs бежать ( bežát' , “ untuk menjalankan (beton) ” ) , носить ( nosít' , “ untuk carry ( abstrak) ” ) vs. нести́ ( nestí , “ untuk membawa (beton) ” ) . Bahasa Inggris tidak membuat perbedaan ini. Misalnya, "Saya pergi ke kantor pos" bisa abstrak (jika saya pergi ke sana dan kembali, misalnya multidirectional) atau konkret (jika saya di sana sekarang, yaitu searah), dan kata kerja Rusia yang berbeda akan digunakan untuk menerjemahkan "pergi "dalam dua keadaan ini. Dalam bahasa Polandia, kembali tidak menyebabkan kata kerja abstrak digunakan, hanya melakukan sesuatu berkali-kali ( Chodzę do biura. 'Saya pergi ke kantor (setiap hari).' Vs. Idę do biura 'Saya akan pergi ke kantor (sekarang) . ') atau bergerak tanpa target ( Chodzę po pokoju ' Saya berjalan di sekitar ruangan. 'vs. Idę przez pokój.'Saya sedang berjalan melintasi ruangan.') Melakukannya. Kata kerja abstrak selalu tidak sempurna dalam aspek , bahkan dengan prefiks yang biasanya diasosiasikan dengan aspek kesempurnaan (misalnya przybiegać Polandia ).

kasus akusatif , mnrt.

Sebuah kasus yang biasanya digunakan sebagai objek langsung dari kata kerja . Misalnya, jika bahasa Inggris memiliki sistem kasus yang sepenuhnya produktif , maka bola dalam "Pria itu melempar bola" kemungkinan besar akan di akusatif.

akronim

An abbreviation that is pronounced as the “word” it would spell, such as NATO.

active voice

The voice verb form in which the grammatical subject is the person or thing doing the action, e.g., The boy kicked the ball. Cf. passive voice. (See also Voice (grammar) on Wikipedia. )

acute accent

A diacritic mark ( ´ ) used that can be placed above a number of letters in many languages of the Latin, Greek and Cyrillic writing systems.

AD

Anno Domini. Sistem penomoran tahun yang setara dengan CE .

kata sifat

Kata seperti besar atau kekanak - kanakan yang biasanya berfungsi untuk memodifikasi kata benda .

kata keterangan

Kata seperti sangat , jahat atau sering yang biasanya berfungsi untuk memodifikasi kata sifat , kata kerja , atau kata keterangan lainnya.

adverbia

Berkaitan dengan kata keterangan . Misalnya, sebuah adverbial participle adalah sebuah participle yang berfungsi seperti kata keterangan dalam sebuah kalimat.

klausa adverbia

Jenis klausa dependen yang memodifikasi kata kerja dengan gaya adverbial . Contohnya adalah Ketika teman saya datang , saya akan mengajaknya makan malam dan Jika hujan turun , saya akan pulang (contoh terakhir secara khusus merupakan klausa bersyarat ).

agen kata benda

Kata benda yang menunjukkan agen yang melakukan tindakan yang dilambangkan dengan kata kerja asal kata benda tersebut, seperti "pemotong" yang diturunkan dari "memotong".

AHD

The American Heritage Dictionary . Karena alasan historis, singkatan ini terkadang digunakan di sini untuk mengidentifikasi pengucapan yang diucapkan yang diberikan dalam bentuk enPR .

kata kerja ambitransitif

Mampu menjadi transitif atau intransitif tergantung pada penggunaan. Misalnya, makan dan membaca secara opsional mengambil objek langsung : "Saya makan setiap hari", "Dia suka membaca" (keduanya intransitif), "Baca buku ini", "Saya tidak makan daging" (keduanya transitif). Catatan: Meskipun kata kerja ergatif bersifat ambitransitif, definisi tunggal hanya dapat merujuk pada kata kerja unergatif .

anglicisation , anglicization

Modifikasi kata asing ( pinjaman ) untuk membuatnya lebih berbentuk bahasa Inggris.

menghidupkan

Memiliki referensi yang mencakup manusia atau hewan. Banyak bahasa (seperti bahasa Slavia ) mengklasifikasikan kata benda berdasarkan animasinya, menggunakan infleksi atau kata yang berbeda dengan kata benda hidup dan mati. (Lihat Animasi di Wikipedia. )

antepenultima

Ketiga-untuk-terakhir suku kata, sebelum penultima .

antonim

Kata dengan makna yang merupakan kebalikan dari makna kata lain. Misalnya, kebaikan adalah kebalikan dari yang buruk . Sinonim kontras .

aorist

Kategori tata bahasa dari kata kerja yang seringkali merupakan masa lampau yang sempurna . (Lihat aorist di Wikipedia. )

apheresis

Penghapusan huruf atau suara dari awal kata.

aphesis

Penghapusan suara awal tanpa tekanan dari sebuah kata, proses di mana escarp menjadi scarp . Kata-kata yang diturunkan dengan cara ini disebut afetik.

apokopik

Bentuk kata di mana kata tersebut tidak memiliki bunyi atau suku kata akhir. Terjadi dalam bahasa Italia, Spanyol, dan bahasa lainnya.

mendekati

A consonant sound produced by restricting the air flow through the mouth only slightly, resulting in a smooth sound. In English, the approximants are /l/, /ɹ/, /w/, /j/ (as in the initial sounds of loo, rue, woo and you). Approximants are distinguished from fricatives, in which the air is constricted enough to cause a rough, hissing or buzzing sound, and plosives, in which the air is blocked completely for a short period of time.

arkais

No longer in general use, but still found in some contemporary texts that aim for an antique style, like historical novels or Bible translations. For example, thee and thou are archaic pronouns, having been completely superseded by you. Archaic is a stronger term than dated, but not as strong as obsolete. (See Wiktionary:Obsolete and archaic terms.)

areal

English Wikipedia has an article on:

areal feature

Didistribusikan ke berbagai bahasa yang mendiami wilayah tertentu, karena kontak bahasa di antara mereka dan bukan karena warisan dari nenek moyang yang sama. Istilah ini dapat diterapkan baik pada kata-kata (lihat kata pinjaman ) atau fitur bahasa seperti dalam tata bahasa , morfologi , dan fonologi . Lihat juga Wanderwort dan stratum .

artikel

Jenis penentu yang digunakan sebagai indikator tata bahasa dalam beberapa bahasa, dan biasanya merupakan pusat tata bahasa dan sintaks bahasa tersebut. Dalam bahasa Inggris, artikel adalah yang pasti artikel tersebut , dan tak terbatas artikel sebuah dan sebuah . Beberapa bahasa mungkin memiliki lebih banyak artikel, seperti artikel partitif Perancis du , de la dan des , sementara banyak bahasa kekurangan artikel sama sekali.

aspek

Wikipedia bahasa Inggris memiliki artikel tentang:

aspek tata bahasa

Properti bentuk kata kerja yang menunjukkan sifat tindakan sebagai sempurna (lengkap) atau tidak sempurna (tidak lengkap atau berkelanjutan).

disedot h

Dalam bahasa Prancis, inisial ⟨h⟩ diperlakukan sebagai konsonan ; artinya, hubungan dan elision tidak diizinkan di awal kata dengan ⟨h⟩ yang disedot.

asimilasi

Wikipedia bahasa Inggris memiliki artikel tentang:

asimilasi (fonologi)

Asimilasi adalah proses fonologis umum di mana satu suara menjadi lebih seperti suara terdekat. Ini dapat terjadi baik di dalam satu kata atau di antara kata-kata. Lihat juga disimilasi .

atributif

1. Kata sifat yang berdiri dalam posisi sintaksis mana secara langsung memodifikasi kata benda, sebagai lawan dari predicative kata sifat, yang berdiri di predikat posisi tapi yang memodifikasi subjek dari klausa . Misalnya, di rumah kaca besar , besar dan hijau adalah kata sifat atributif, sedangkan di Rumah besar dan hijau , besar dan hijau adalah kata sifat predikatif. Beberapa kata sifat hanya bersifat atributif seperti dekat (dalam teman dekat ) atau biasa (dalam omong kosong ).
2. Kata benda atau kata sifat (atau frase) yang menamai objek nyata dengan atribut objek nyata lainnya. Hal ini berbeda dengan kata benda atau kata sifat substantif , yang menamai benda nyata yaitu substansi sebenarnya yang dinamai dengan kata benda atau kata sifat.

menambah

Wikipedia bahasa Inggris memiliki artikel tentang:

augment (linguistik)

Dalam beberapa bahasa Indo-Eropa, vokal awalan (biasanya e- ; έ atau ή dalam bahasa Yunani, a- dalam bahasa Sanskerta) menunjukkan bentuk lampau dalam kata kerja.

yg bertambah

Bentuk kata yang mengungkapkan ukuran besar, kepentingan, intensitas, atau senioritas.

kata kerja bantu atau bantu

Kata kerja yang menyertai kata kerja lain dalam klausa. Ini digunakan untuk menunjukkan perbedaan dalam tegang , suasana hati , suara , aspek , atau nuansa tata bahasa lainnya. Contoh bahasa Inggrisnya adalah can , will , have , be .

istilah penghindaran

Kata yang secara standar digunakan untuk menggantikan kata tabu . (Lihat Tabu penamaan di Wikipedia. )

formasi belakang

Suatu istilah yang dibentuk dengan menghilangkan awalan atau akhiran yang jelas atau nyata dari istilah yang lebih lama; misalnya, kata benda pea muncul karena bunyi akhir / z / di pease terdengar seperti sufiks jamak. Demikian pula, kata kerja edit adalah formasi belakang dari editor kata benda sebelumnya . Jangan bingung dengan clipping , yang hanya mempersingkat kata tanpa mengubah arti atau bagian dari ucapan.

backronym

Sebuah kata yang bukan merupakan akronim tetapi dianggap satu dan yang bentuk penuhnya ditemukan oleh bentukan-balik , atau merupakan akronim dan untuk itu bentuk penuh alternatif ditemukan oleh bentukan-balik.

bahasa gaul

Suatu bentuk bahasa gaul di mana ejaan kata-katanya dibalik.

bahuvrihi

Kata majemuk nominal di mana bagian pertama memodifikasi bagian kedua dan tidak satu pun bagian yang menyampaikan arti yang diinginkan.

suara bariton

Dengan penekanan di tempat lain selain pada suku kata terakhir. Bandingkan dengan oxytone , paroxytone , dan proparoxytone .

SM

1. Sebelum Kristus. Sistem penomoran tahun setara dengan BCE .
2. Sebelum Masehi. Sistem penomoran tahun yang setara dengan BC . AD dinyatakan sebagai CE . Untuk secara otomatis mengganti sebagian besar tanggal untuk menggunakan gaya "BC" / "AD", kunjungi WT: Preferensi per browser .

campur

Kata atau nama yang menggabungkan dua kata, biasanya dimulai dengan awal satu kata dan diakhiri dengan akhir kata lain, seperti kabut asap (dari asap dan kabut ) atau Wiktionary (dari wiki dan kamus ). Banyak campuran adalah portmanteaus .

meminjam, dipinjam

Lihat kata pinjaman .

bowdlerization

Penghapusan, dari teks, kata atau frasa yang dianggap menyinggung atau vulgar.

c., ca.

" Circa " ("about"). Oleh karena itu, kutipan dari "c. 1924" atau "ca. 1924" adalah kutipan dari sekitar 1924.

calque

Terjemahan pinjaman dengan kata demi kata: terjemahan pinjaman . Misalnya, ungkapan bahasa Inggris yang sudah pasti adalah calque (terjemahan literal, kata-demi-kata) dari bahasa Prancis ça va sans dire , dan pasar loak adalah bahasa Prancis marché aux puces ( secara harfiah " pasar dengan kutu " ) . Sebaliknya, istilah pencakar langit disebut dalam bahasa Prancis sebagai gratte-ciel ( secara harfiah " scrapes-sky " ). Calque semantik, juga dikenal sebagai pinjaman semantik , berfungsi serupa tetapi tidak menciptakan persyaratan baru. ( lihat Calque di Wikipedia. )

kasus

Salah satu bentuk kata benda, digunakan untuk menunjukkan fungsinya dalam frasa atau kalimat. Contohnya meliputi: nominatif , akusatif , genitif , datif .

kucing.

Singkatan dari kategori .

Tanpa titik, kode ISO 639-3 untuk bahasa Catalan.

kategori

Kumpulan entri, digunakan untuk mengkategorikan atau mengelompokkan entri kata yang serupa dalam sintaks (misalnya, kata benda jamak bahasa Inggris) atau dalam arti (misalnya, kata bahasa Inggris yang berkaitan dengan olahraga); lihat Wiktionary: Kategorisasi .

kata kerja katenatif

Kata kerja yang dapat segera diikuti oleh infinitif penuh atau telanjang , atau gerund (yaitu kata kerja non-finit).

→ Lampiran: kata kerja katenatif bahasa Inggris

kata kerja kausatif

Kata kerja transitif yang diturunkan dari kata kerja lain, dan menyatakan tindakan membuat seseorang / sesuatu melakukan tindakan dari kata kerja dasar. Contoh dalam bahasa Inggris adalah: lay (cause to lie ), set (cause to sit ), dan raise (sebabkan bangkit ). Bandingkan kata kerja faktitif (mis. Persingkat , memperbudak ), yang serupa tetapi berasal dari kata sifat atau kata benda.

CE

Era Umum. Sistem penomoran tahun yang setara dengan AD . Untuk secara otomatis mengganti sebagian besar tanggal untuk menggunakan gaya "BC" / "AD", kunjungi WT: Preferensi per browser .

cf.

"Memberi"; "Lihat"; "bandingkan" - sering digunakan untuk menunjukkan sebuah kata dengan arti yang mirip, atau berlawanan.

yg mengatakan dgn terlalu banyak

Mengacu pada cara berbicara tidak langsung atau tidak langsung; penggunaan kata-kata lebih dari yang diperlukan untuk mengekspresikan ide.

CJK , CJKV

Cina, Jepang, Korea (dan Vietnam); Karakter CJK .

penggolong

Lihat konter .

ayat

Sebuah kata atau sekelompok kata yang berfungsi sebagai satu kesatuan dalam sintaks sebuah kalimat , di mana head (atau pusat) kata adalah kata kerja ; biasanya dibedakan dari frasa , yang merupakan unit serupa di mana kata utamanya adalah bagian lain dari ucapan , seperti kata benda , kata sifat , atau preposisi . Misalnya kalimat The man into the house yang besar dan berwarna biru mengandung dua klausa independen klausa The man into the housedan klausa dependen yang besar dan biru (dalam hal ini secara khusus klausa relatif , meskipun tidak semua klausa dependen adalah klausa relatif).

guntingan

Sebuah pemendekan kata, tanpa mengubah arti atau bagian dari ucapan. Jangan bingung dengan bentukan-balik , yang mengubah makna, atau elipsis , yang dipersingkat dengan menghilangkan seluruh kata. Lihat juga apheresis , apocope .

→ Kliping (morfologi) di Wikipedia.

klitik

Kata yang dilampirkan ke frasa dan tidak dapat digunakan sendiri, seperti bahasa Inggris - . Banyak bahasa memiliki kata ganti klitik ( kata ganti lemah ), yang mungkin kontras dengan kata ganti empatik atau kuat ; misalnya, bahasa Inggris em adalah versi klitik dari mereka , dan selalu menempel pada kata sebelumnya (biasanya kata kerja ).

seasal

Diturunkan dari leksem sumber yang sama dari bahasa leluhur .

koin

Kata baru yang sengaja dibuat dengan makna tertentu.

kolektif

Mengekspresikan kumpulan atau kumpulan individu, dengan bentuk tunggal .

→ Kategori: Kata benda kolektif menurut bahasa

bahasa sehari-hari

Digunakan terutama dalam percakapan santai atau tulisan informal dan bukan dalam karya tertulis, pidato, dan wacana yang lebih formal . Bandingkan tag serupa informal . Jangan bingung dengan bahasa gaul atau tidak standar .

Catatan: Ini adalah kesalahpahaman umum bahwa bahasa sehari - hari entah bagaimana menunjukkan "lokal" atau kata yang " regional ". Ini bukan kasusnya; akar kata untuk bahasa sehari - hari berhubungan dengan lokusi , bukan lokasi .

jenis kelamin umum , c

"Dari jenis kelamin yang sama ". Beberapa bahasa memiliki jenis kelamin umum berbeda yang menggabungkan maskulin dan feminin tetapi dibedakan dari netral . Dalam bahasa lain, "kata benda dengan jenis kelamin yang sama" adalah episen ; Artinya, sepasang kata benda, satu maskulin dan satu feminin, yang bentuknya identik, dan memiliki pengertian yang sama kecuali yang satu merujuk pada pria dan yang lainnya merujuk pada wanita.

sebanding

Dari kata sifat atau kata keterangan: dapat dibandingkan, memiliki bentuk komparatif dan superlatif yang diakhiri dengan -er dan -est (hanya kata sifat), atau dalam hubungannya dengan kata more or most , atau dalam beberapa kasus lebih jauh atau terjauh . Contoh: besar , lebih besar , dan terbesar ; berbakat , lebih berbakat , dan paling berbakat ; di atas, lebih jauh ke atas , dan lantai atas terjauh . Beberapa kata sifat benar-benar tidak ada bandingannya , seperti harian , tambahan , dan lainnya . Banyak kata sifat lainnya, seperti unik , eksistensial , dan tertahankan secara umum dianggap tidak dapat dibandingkan, tetapi secara kontroversial, di mana contoh-contoh dapat dengan mudah dikutip dari sesuatu yang " lebih tertahankan " atau " paling sempurna ".

komparatif

Suatu infleksi , atau bentuk yang berbeda, dari kata sifat yang sebanding yang menunjukkan kualitas relatif, biasanya menunjukkan "pada tingkat yang lebih tinggi" tetapi tidak "pada tingkat tertinggi" ( lihat juga superlatif dan derajat perbandingan ). Dalam bahasa Inggris, bentuk komparatif biasanya dibentuk dengan menambahkan -er , atau menggunakan kata more . Misalnya, perbandingan hard adalah " lebih keras "; dari yang sulit , " lebih sulit ".

senyawa

Kata atau nama yang menggabungkan dua kata atau lebih tanpa mengubahnya, seperti serbet (dari piring dan kain ) atau papan tombol (dari kunci dan papan ). Istilah majemuk ditunjukkan dalam etimologi menggunakan ; lihat juga WT: ETY # Compound . {{compound}}

kata benda beton

Kata benda yang menunjukkan sesuatu yang berwujud atau material, seperti orang atau tempat. Antonim dari kata benda abstrak .

kata kerja konkret

Dalam bahasa Slavia , kata kerja gerak yang gerakannya searah dan mengekspresikan satu tindakan yang sudah selesai. Berlawanan dengan kata kerja abstrak , yang gerakannya multidirectional atau tidak langsung, atau yang tindakannya diulang-ulang atau dalam rangkaian ( iteratif ). Juga disebut kata kerja determinate . Lihat kata kerja abstrak untuk pembahasan lebih lanjut.

suasana hati bersyarat

The suasana hati dari kata kerja yang digunakan untuk menandakan sesuatu yang kontingen pada hasil sesuatu yang lain. Mood bersyarat dalam bahasa Inggris biasanya diperkenalkan dengan kata would , seperti dalam bahasa If I were rich, I would be happy .

konjugasi

The infleksi dari kata kerja . Lihat juga kemunduran .

konjungsi

Kata yang digunakan untuk menggabungkan kata atau frasa lain menjadi kalimat.

konegatif

Bentuk kata kerja yang digunakan dengan kata kerja negatif .

konsonan

Bunyi apa pun yang bukan bunyi dominan suatu suku kata , bunyi dominan umumnya adalah vokal .

membangun negara

Dalam beberapa bahasa, bentuk tata bahasa yang digunakan untuk menafsirkan kata benda atau kata sifat dengan kata benda atau kata sifat lain. Dalam bahasa Semit , bentuk konstruksi biasanya berupa kata benda yang dimodifikasi oleh kata benda berikut dalam konstruksi genitif. Keadaan konstruksi dari kata benda X biasanya dapat diterjemahkan ke bahasa Inggris sebagai X dari . Dalam bahasa Persia , status konstruksi biasanya digunakan untuk semua kata benda dan kata sifat dalam frasa kata benda kecuali yang terakhir.

kontaminasi

Pengaruh satu istilah pada perkembangan istilah lain yang dengannya mereka memiliki arti yang mirip atau bunyi yang mirip, penggabungan .

kontraksi

Sebuah kata atau frasa yang dipersingkat dalam pidato, terkadang diwakili secara tertulis dengan tanda baca menggantikan huruf yang hilang (misalnya, bahasa Inggris do not → don't atau Romania nu e → nu-i ).

kontranim

Sebuah istilah dengan dua arti yang berlawanan.

istilah koordinat

Sebuah istilah yang merupakan tipe berbeda dari hypernym yang sama (secara longgar "kategori"). Mobil dan sepeda adalah istilah koordinat satu sama lain, keduanya merupakan hiponim dari kendaraan hypernym bersama . Meskipun istilah tersebut dapat diterapkan secara luas, misalnya, mobil dan asteroid adalah dua hal , penggunaan tersebut tidak berguna di Wiktionary.

kata kerja penghubung

Kata kerja yang menghubungkan dan menyamakan subjeknya dengan objeknya; juga disebut kata kerja penghubung . Kopula yang paling umum adalah kata kerja menjadi , tetapi yang lain ada, seperti tampak , muncul, dan terdengar . Objek sanggama seringkali memiliki sifat khusus. Misalnya, ini bisa menjadi kata sifat ( John sangat tinggi ) ketika kebanyakan kata kerja mengharuskan objeknya menjadi kata benda atau kata ganti . Selain itu, dalam bahasa dengan casePerbedaannya, objek kata kerja paling umum dalam kasus nominatif , sedangkan objek kata kerja lain biasanya dalam kasus yang berbeda, seperti kasus akusatif . Banyak bahasa (misalnya Rusia , Ibrani , dan Arab ) menggunakan null copula (yaitu tidak ada kata sama sekali) dalam present tense ketika bahasa Inggris menggunakan kata am , are atau is .

korupsi

Bentuk kata, ekspresi, atau teks yang merendahkan atau tidak standar , akibat kesalahpahaman, kesalahan transkripsi, salah dengar, dll.

terhitung (tentang kata benda)

Menjelaskan kata benda yang dapat digunakan secara bebas dengan kata sandang tak tentu ( a atau an dalam bahasa Inggris) dan dengan angka, dan karenanya memiliki bentuk jamak . Antonim : tak terhitung , atau kata benda massal .

melawan

Dalam linguistik, counter, measure words or classifiers adalah kata-kata yang digunakan dalam kombinasi dengan angka untuk menunjukkan jumlah sesuatu yang direpresentasikan oleh beberapa kata benda. Mereka menunjukkan satuan atau pengukuran dan digunakan dengan kata benda massa, dan dalam beberapa kasus juga dengan kata benda hitungan.

bertanggal

Dulunya digunakan secara umum, dan masih digunakan sesekali, tetapi sekarang ketinggalan zaman; misalnya, nirkabel dalam arti "siaran radio tuner", groovy , dan gay dalam arti "cerah" atau "bahagia" semuanya kuno. Tanggal tidak sekuat kuno atau usang . Lihat Wiktionary: Istilah usang dan kuno .

kasus dative (disingkat menjadi dat.)

Sebuah kasus yang biasanya digunakan sebagai objek tidak langsung dari kata kerja. Misalnya, jika bahasa Inggris memiliki sistem kasus yang sepenuhnya produktif , maka dia di "She give him the ball" kemungkinan besar akan ada di dative.

deklinasi

The infleksi dari kata benda dan kata-kata seperti mereka, atau digunakan bersama-sama dengan mereka (yaitu nominals ). Lihat juga konjugasi .

cacat

Biasanya diharapkan memiliki satu set lengkap bentuk infleksi , tetapi beberapa infleksi tidak ada atau tidak pernah digunakan. Contoh bahasa Inggrisnya adalah kata kerja cacat can and shall , yang tidak memiliki bentuk infinitif (tidak ada to can atau to shall ).

ejaan yang rusak

Dalam bahasa dengan matres lectionis ( huruf konsonan yang melambangkan vokal ), bentuknya tidak ada tambahannya, masih boleh termasuk mater lectionis.

pasti

Mengacu pada bentuk kata yang menampilkan sesuatu yang diketahui, diidentifikasi, atau langsung dapat diidentifikasi; dalam bahasa inggris, inilah arti dasar dari artikel the ; dalam beberapa bahasa, ini adalah infleksi nominal atau kata sifat . Dalam bahasa Jermanik, kata sifat yang diubah sebagai pasti disebut sebagai "lemah". Dalam bahasa Hongaria, konjugasi pasti digunakan untuk menunjukkan objek tertentu , termasuk dia, dia, itu, mereka, dan Anda yang formal .

derajat perbandingan

Infleksi kata sifat dan kata keterangan yang memungkinkan perbandingan. Bahasa Inggris memiliki tiga derajat perbandingan : positif , komparatif dan superlatif . Beberapa bahasa lain memiliki derajat lain, misalnya: superlatif komparatif , superlatif relatif , elatif .

denominal

Berasal dari kata benda .

tergantung

(Dalam bahasa Yunani dan bahasa Gaelik) Bentuk kata kerja yang tidak digunakan secara terpisah tetapi didahului oleh partikel untuk membentuk bentuk negatif atau bentuk tegang.

klausa dependen

A clause that cannot stand on its own as a complete sentence, as opposed to an independent clause. Also known as a subordinate clause. Logically, a dependent clause modifies a word in another clause in the sentence. Common examples are (1) relative clauses (also known as "adjective clauses" or "adjectival clauses"), which modify nouns (e.g. The man who I saw yesterday is leaving today); (2) adverbial clauses, which modify verbs in an adverbial fashion (e.g. When it is time to leave, I will go home), and noun clauses, which take the place of nouns (e.g. I said that my name is John or I suggested that he leave). ( see Dependent clause on Wikipedia. )

deponent

(In Greek, Latin, and some Gaelic and Nordic languages) A verb with an active meaning which conjugates in a passive manner.

derived terms

A post- POS heading listing terms in the same language that are morphological derivatives.

determinate verb

In the Slavic languages, another term for concrete verb.

determiner

A noun modifier that expresses the in-context reference or quantity of a noun or noun phrase. Determiners are often considered adjectives, but in fact are not quite the same; for example, in English, big is an adjective, so “the big car” is grammatical while *“He saw big car” is not, but some is a determiner, so *“the some car” is not grammatical while “He saw some car” is. In English, adjectives can sometimes stand alone without a noun, while determiners nearly always can (contrast *“He saw big” with “He saw some”), such that they are sometimes considered pronouns as well as adjectives.

deverbal

A word, often a substantive, derived from a verb. Contrast denominal.

diachrony

English Wikipedia has an article on:

Synchrony and diachrony

A viewpoint of analysis of a language or phrase within a language which considers the historical changes over time which have shaped its state at a given later time. The term is typically used to contrast with synchrony.

diacritic

A diacritic – also diacritical mark, diacritical point, diacritical sign, or an accent – is a glyph added to a letter, or basic glyph. Examples: acute ( ´ ), double acute ( ˝ ), breve ( ˘ ), inverted breve ( ̑ ), cedilla ( ¸ ), diaeresis/umlaut ( ¨ ), macron ( ¯ ), overring ( ˚ ), perispomene ( ͂ ), etc. The main use of a diacritical mark is to change the sound-values of the letters or cadence of a word to which they are added. Examples are the diaereses in the borrowed French words "naïve" and "Noël", which show that the vowel with the diaeresis mark is pronounced separately from the preceding vowel; the acute and grave accents, which can indicate that a final vowel is to be pronounced, as in "saké" and poetic "breathèd"; and the cedilla under the "c" in the borrowed French word "façade", which shows it is pronounced /s/ rather than /k/.

dialectal

1. Of or relating to a dialect.

diminutive

A word form expressing smallness, youth, endearment, unimportance, or contempt.

direct object

Kata benda atau frase kata benda yang langsung ditindaklanjuti oleh kata kerja . Dalam beberapa bahasa objek langsung ditandai dengan kasus akusatif .

→ kata kerja transitif , objek tidak langsung

disimilasi

Wikipedia bahasa Inggris memiliki artikel tentang:

Disimilasi

Proses fonologis di mana salah satu dari sepasang bunyi yang serupa dalam sebuah kata atau frasa menjadi berbeda: misalnya, pergeseran l… l> r… l dalam penurunan coronnel Prancis Tengah dari colonnello Italia Kuno . Ini memiliki efek berlawanan dengan asimilasi .

kata kerja ditransitif

(kata kerja) mengambil dua objek, seperti memberi dalam "Beri aku bola" (di mana saya adalah objek tidak langsung dan bola adalah objek langsung ). Bandingkan kata kerja intransitif dan kata kerja transitif .

sepasang benda yg sama

Satu dari dua (atau lebih) kata dalam bahasa yang memiliki akar etimologis yang sama , tetapi masuk ke bahasa modern melalui jalur yang berbeda. Doublet dapat terjadi misalnya sebagai kata-kata pinjaman dari dua bahasa yang berbeda tetapi terkait, seperti kata-kata pinjaman yang diperoleh dari bahasa yang sama pada dua tahap yang berbeda, sebagai salah satu kata pinjaman dari bahasa terkait ditambah asli serumpun , atau sebagai derivatif terbentuk pada dua tahap yang berbeda dalam sejarah sebuah bahasa.

ganda , nomor ganda

Sebuah jumlah gramatikal yang menunjukkan tepat dua item atau individu. Biasanya kontras dengan bentuk tunggal dan jamak .

kata ganti boneka

Kata ganti yang tidak memiliki rujukan. Sebagai contoh, itu di itu baik untuk tahu bahwa Anda baik-baik saja adalah dummy subjek . Hal ini digunakan untuk memberikan kata kerja adalah dengan subjek sintaksis, karena bahasa Inggris tidak memungkinkan subjek nol .

E

ed.

" Editor " (atau terkadang "edisi"). Singkatan ini sering digunakan untuk menghubungkan kutipan; editor kompilasi pada umumnya adalah individu yang bertanggung jawab untuk memilih apa yang berhasil untuk dimasukkan.

elatif

In Semitic languages, a stage of gradation that can be used both for a superlative and comparative ( see also degrees of comparison).

elative case

A case which expresses "moving out of".

elision

The removal of a phoneme or sequence of phonemes from a word, particularly at the beginning or end.

ellipsis

The omission of a word or phrase that can be inferred from the context.

elongated

With letters added for emphasis, like "stoooop!" Usually this is nonstandard writing, but in some cases like interjections, this is normal: "awwwww!", "shhhh!"

emphatic

Taking particular stress. English's reflexive pronouns double as emphatic ones, as in "I myself have not seen it" (where "myself" emphasizes the role of the speaker); some other languages (such as Greek) have emphatic pronouns that they distinguish from weak or clitic pronouns.

enclisis

The phonetic joining of a word with the preceding word. In modern Greek this may result in an extra stress on the first word, thus:

"το όνομα μου είναι" ( "to ónoma mou eínai" ) becomes "το όνομά μου είναι" ( "to ónomá mou eínai" )

enPR

Wiktionary's English Phonemic Representation system. Details in the English pronunciation key.

epenthesis

The insertion of a phoneme, letter, or syllable into a word, usually to satisfy the phonological constraints of a language or poetic context.

epicene

Having a single form for both male and female referents.

eponym

A word formed from a real or fictive person’s name. Compare toponym, a word derived from a place name.

eponymous

Using its own name as a title for a work of art.

ergative verb

A verb that can be transitive or intransitive, where the intransitive subject is the patient, the same role as the transitive object. Essentially, an ergative is an intransitive verb that is its own causative when used transitively. For example, break is an ergative verb. The same thing happens to the window in "The window broke" (subject) as in "I broke the window" ( direct object), but in the second case, there is also an agent which causes the window to break.

equative

A construction showing an equal quality; for example, the equative of happy is as happy as. In some languages, such as Welsh and Old Irish, the equative is a distinct form of the adjective.

ergative case

A case used in some languages, which marks the subject of a transitive verb, but not the subject of an intransitive verb.

etymology

An account of the origin and historical development of a word.

etymon

The source word of a given word.

euphemism

A term that is less vulgar or less offensive than the one it replaces.

eye dialect

A nonstandard spelling which, although it indicates a standard pronunciation, is deliberately substituted for the standard spelling, often to indicate that a speaker's regular use of language is nonstandard or dialectal. Eye dialect is to be distinguished from pronunciation respelling, and separate templates exist ( {{eye dialect of}}, {{pronunciation spelling of}}.)

excessive spelling

In languages with matres lectionis ( consonant letters representing vowels) a form including one or more additional ones. For example in Hebrew אדום‎ ( “ red ” ) of אָדֹם‎, an added ו ( “ vav ” ) indicating /o/.

excrescent

A sound in a word without etymological reason, added for articulatory purposes.

expletive

Sebuah vulgar jangka, sebuah intensifier , atau kata tanpa makna ditambahkan untuk mengisi posisi sintaksis.

F

kata kerja faktitif

Kata kerja transitif yang diturunkan dari kata sifat atau kata benda, dan menyatakan tindakan membuat seseorang / sesuatu memiliki sifat (atau memiliki lebih banyak sifat) dari kata sifat dasar atau kata benda. Contoh dalam bahasa Inggris adalah: memperpendek (membuat lebih pendek ), memperkuat (membuat lebih kuat ) dan memperbudak (membuat budak ). Bandingkan kata kerja kausatif , yang serupa tetapi berasal dari kata kerja lain.

teman palsu

Kata dalam bahasa yang memiliki kemiripan dengan kata dalam bahasa lain tetapi sebenarnya memiliki arti yang berbeda.

akrab

Menjelaskan konteks di mana mereka yang berbicara, melalui ucapan atau kata-kata tertulis, saling mengenal dengan baik dan dalam situasi santai sering menggunakan istilah yang lebih informal atau sehari - hari untuk berkomunikasi.

feminin , f

"Wanita"; kata yang termasuk jenis kelamin feminin , yang biasanya dikontraskan dengan jenis kelamin maskulin , dan juga sering dengan jenis kelamin netral .

kiasan

Tidak literal . Dari kiasan , kata atau ungkapan yang digunakan sebagai metafora atau perumpamaan , misalnya mengatakan bahwa orang yang tamak adalah babi atau seperti babi, atau sebagai metonim , misalnya menggunakan 'mahkota' untuk merujuk pada monarki.

orang pertama , Orang pertama

Orang dengan tata bahasa yang menunjukkan pembicara itu sendiri, atau kelompok tempat pembicara itu berada. Contohnya adalah kata ganti orang Inggris I dan we .

fokus

Kata keterangan yang menunjukkan fokus dalam kalimat.

etimologi rakyat

A misunderstanding of the etymology of a word; a false etymology that incorrectly explains the origin of a word.

formal

Describes a context where word choice and syntax are primarily limited to those terms and constructions that are accepted by academia or official institutions as most appropriate and correct. Informal terms, frequently those that originate through casual speech ( colloquial), are often inappropriate in formal contexts. Examples with varying degrees of formality include: official or legal documents, formal essays, job interviews, etc.

fossil word

A word that is broadly obsolete but remains in currency because it is contained within an idiom that is still in use.

fpl

" Feminine plural"; of feminine gender and plural number.

frequentative

Expressing repetition of an action.

fricative

A consonant sound produced by air flowing through a constriction in the mouth, and typically producing a sibilant, hissing, buzzing or otherwise "rough" quality. In English, the fricatives are voiceless /f/, /s/, /ʃ/, /θ/ (as in the final sounds of buff, bus, bash and bath) and the corresponding voiced sounds /v/, /z/, /ʒ/, /ð/ (as in the final sounds of above, buzz, beige and bathe). Fricatives are distinguished from plosives, in which the air is blocked completely for a short period of time, and approximants, in which the air is not constricted enough to cause the characteristic rough sound of a fricative.

front vowel

A vowel produced in the front of the mouth. In English, the front vowels are /æ/, /ɛ/, /eɪ/, /ɪ/, /i/ (as in the vowels of bat, bet, bait, bit, and beat respectively).

future perfect

A tense that expresses action completed at some time in the future; in English it is formed by use of will have (or shall have) and a past participle.

future tense

The tense of a verb used to refer to an event, transaction or occurrence that has not yet happened, is expected to happen in the future, or might never happen. An English example is will go in I will go home tomorrow.

G

gemination

A phenomenon when a consonant is pronounced for an audibly longer period of time than is done normally.

gender

A way of classifying nouns in some languages. In such languages, each noun has a specific gender (often determined by its meaning and/or form), and other words (especially adjectives and pronouns) will often change form to agree with the noun's gender. See also noun class.

genericized trademark

A successful brand name or trademark that has come to refer to the generic class of objects rather than the specific brand type.

genitive case

A case that expresses possession or relation, equivalent to the English of.

gerund

Any of various non-finite verb forms in various languages. In English, a "gerund" is a verb in its -ing form when used in a way that resembles the use of a noun. In other languages it often functions as an adverb to form adverbial phrases or the continuous tense.

grave accent

A diacritic mark ( ` ) used in many languages to distinguish the pronunciations of vowels.

H

habitual

A verbal aspect specifying an action as occurring habitually: the subject performs the action usually, ordinarily, or customarily. Also called consuetudinal.

hapax legomenon, hapax

In corpus linguistics, a word that occurs only once within a given corpus, either in the written record of an entire language, in the works of an author, or in a single text.

haplology

The elision or deletion of a part of a word (a sequence of phonemes, or a series of letters) that is repeated (either exactly or with slight change). An example of haplological pronunciation is the UK English pronunciation of library as if spelled libry, where the sequence of phonemes /ɹəɹ/ is shortened to /ɹ/. An example of haplology relating to spelling is symbology, from symbol +‎ -ology, where the sequence olol is shortened to ol. Contrast with reduplication, the repetition of a part of a word.

hedge

In pragmatics, a term (word, phrase, or clause) used to lessen the force of an utterance: for instance, to avoid giving insult or bragging about one's knowledge.

historical

Describing an object or concept which is no longer extant or current; for example, Czechoslovakia, stomacher, or phlogiston. Distinguish: a historical term is still in use but refers to a thing which no longer exists; an obsolete term is no longer in use, while the thing it once referred to may or may not exist.

holonym

A term describing something that is formed by other smaller, somehow combined or related things. For example, tree is a holonym of leaf; body is a holonym of arm; Canada is a holonym of British Columbia etc. The opposite of holonym, which describes things that are part of a whole, is called meronym.

homograph

A word that is spelled the same as another word, usually having a different etymology.

homophone

A word which is pronounced the same as another word but differs in spelling, meaning or origin.

hot word

A newly coined term, or newly adopted sense of an existing term, that has become very popular in a short time. It is kept provisionally as it is likely to remain in usage, even though it fails the "spanning at least one year" requirement of the Criteria For Inclusion on Wiktionary.

hyperbole

Deliberate or unintentional overstatement, particularly if extreme.

hypercorrect

Incorrect because of the misapplication of a standard rule; for example, octopi used as the plural form of octopus is hypercorrect because -us → -i is the rule for forming plurals of originally-masculine nouns of the Latin second declension, whereas octopus actually derives from Ancient Greek and has the plural form octopodes consistent with its etymology.

hyperforeign

Incorrectly applying foreign reading rules, such as in pronouncing the "j" in Taj Mahal or Beijing as [ʒ] rather than [dʒ], or dropping the [t] in claret.

hypernym or hyperonym

A term indicating a category another term is part of, informally called “blanket” or “umbrella” term. For example, animal is a hypernym of bird, which is in turn a hypernym of eagle. The opposite of hypernym, which indicates terms pertaining to a category, is hyponym.

hyperthesis

A form of metathesis in which non-contiguous sounds are switched.

hyphenation

The splitting of a word across a line boundary, with a hyphen at the end of the first part. For example, the hyphenation of hyphenation is given as "hy‧phen‧ation" meaning that it is split across a line break as hy-phenation or as hyphen-ation.

hyponym

A more specific term within a category described by another term, indicating a “type-of” relationship. For instance, alternative rock is a hyponym of rock, which in turn is a hyponym of music. The opposite of hyponym, which describes larger categories, is hypernym.

I

ideophonic

A word that evokes an idea in sound, often a vivid impression of certain sensations or sensory perceptions, e.g. sound, movement, color, shape, or action. They may be more common in Oriental languages. In Chinese lexicography, such sense is usually described as ……的樣子 or ……貌, i.e. “the appearance of ...”.

idiom

A phrase whose meaning is unapparent or unobvious from the individual words that make it up, such as beat around the bush ( “ avoid uncomfortable topic ” ), come a cropper ( “ suffer misfortune ” ), or pay through the nose ( “ pay an unusually large amount ” ). Idioms are often, but not always set phrases, and are usually distinct from proverbs. See also Appendix:Glossary of idioms.

idiomatic

Pertaining or conforming to the mode of expression characteristic of a language. Idioms, collocations and modal verbs are examples of idiomatic language.

imitative

Imitating or representing the sound of something.

imperfect

The imperfective past tense of a verb, indicating that the action described happened repeatedly, habitually or continuously.

imperative mood

The mood of a verb expressing an order or command. An English example is the command go!

imperfective

Sebuah aspek dari kata kerja yang menunjukkan tindakan atau kondisi yang tidak memiliki batas duniawi tetap, tetapi kebiasaan , yang belum selesai , terus menerus , berulang-ulang atau berlangsung . Umum dalam bahasa Slavia seperti Rusia . Kontras sempurna . ( lihat Aspek tidak sempurna di Wikipedia. )

masa lalu yang tidak sempurna

Sebuah bentuk kata kerja dari tdk sempurna aspek dan masa lalu tegang , yang digunakan untuk menggambarkan suatu tindakan atau peristiwa yang terjadi biasa, terus menerus atau berulang kali di masa lalu, seperti dalam “Tom sedang melukis pagar” atau “Tom digunakan untuk melukis pagar.”

impersonal

Kurangnya orang yang gramatikal sama sekali, atau orang yang tidak terbatas / tidak ditentukan. Contohnya adalah kata ganti satu bahasa Inggris . Lihat juga kata kerja impersonal .

kata kerja impersonal

Kata kerja yang tidak dapat mengambil subjek , atau menggunakan kata ganti subjek orang ketiga netral (misalnya itu ) tanpa anteseden . Istilah kata kerja cuaca terkadang juga digunakan dalam beberapa teks, karena kata kerja cuaca seperti itu (misalnya hujan ) tidak bersifat pribadi dalam banyak bahasa. Banyak kata kerja yang bersifat pribadi dan aktif dalam bahasa Inggris diekspresikan dalam bahasa lain menggunakan konstruksi impersonal. Contohnya adalah kalimat bahasa Inggris "Saya harus melakukannya", dinyatakan dalam French menggunakan impersonal kata kerja falloir ( “ menjadi diperlukan ” ), seperti dalam il faut que je le fasse ( secara harfiah " Saya harus melakukannya " ) .

mati

Memiliki referensi yang tidak menyertakan manusia atau hewan. Banyak bahasa (seperti bahasa Slavia ) mengklasifikasikan kata benda berdasarkan animasinya, menggunakan infleksi atau kata yang berbeda dengan kata benda hidup dan mati. Untuk kata kerja, ini menunjukkan bahwa mereka biasanya hanya diterapkan pada benda mati atau konsep, dan jarang digunakan pada orang pertama atau kedua.

tak tertahankan , tidak bisa dibatalkan , invariable or invariant

In languages with inflection, lacking distinct inflected forms when they would be expected to exist. Indeclinable words have the same form in all cases. For example, the English noun sheep is invariable because its plural is also sheep. Acronyms and loanwords are often indeclinable in many languages. Poorly-attested words from ancient languages are sometimes denoted "indeclinable" when they can't be assigned to a declension class with certainty.

indefinite

Refers to forms of words that present something as not yet identified or not immediately identifiable; in English, this is the basic meaning of the article a; in some languages, this is a nominal or adjectival inflection. In the Germanic languages, adjectives inflected as indefinite are referred to as "strong". In Hungarian, the indefinite conjugation indicates no object or indefinite objects, including me, us, and the informal you.

independent clause

A clause that can stand on its own as a complete sentence, as opposed to a dependent clause.

indeterminate verb

In the Slavic languages, another term for abstract verb.

indicative mood

The mood of a verb used in ordinary factual or objective statements.

indirect object

A grammatical role of a ditransitive verb that usually manifests as a recipient or goal. In some languages indirect objects are marked with the dative case.

→ direct object

infix

A morpheme or affix inserted inside a word.

infinitive

A non- finite verb form considered neutral with respect to inflection; depending on language variously found used with auxiliary verbs, in subordinate clauses, or acting as a gerund, and often as the dictionary form. In English, the infinitive is formed with the word to, e.g. to read.

inflection

The change in form of a word to represent various grammatical categories, such as tense (e.g. past tense, present tense, future tense) or number (e.g. singular, plural). For example, the verb run may be inflected to produce runs, ran, and running. In highly inflected languages, such as Latin, there will be many more forms. Two major types of inflection are conjugation (inflection of verbs) and declension (inflection of nouns, adjectives, and pronouns).

informal

Denotes spoken or written words that are used primarily in a familiar, or casual, context, where a clear, formal equivalent often exists that is employed in its place in formal contexts. Compare similar tag colloquial.

inherited

Denotes words which etymologically are not borrowings but derive through regular sound change, without additional affixation, from a corresponding term in the language that is its direct historical ancestor. For example, English fairy is inherited from Middle English fairye.

initialism

An abbreviation that is formed from the initial letters of a sequence of words. Initialisms that are pronounced as words, such as UNICEF, are usually called acronyms, so the term initialism is generally only used for those that are pronounced letter by letter, such as U.S.

instrumental case, ins.

A case used to express means or agency—and is generally indicated in English by "by" or "with" with the objective.

intensifier

A word or particle that heightens the intensity of meaning of a term.

interjection

An expression of emotion ("ouch!", "wow!") or any of several kinds of expression that functions as a replacement of a sentence ( prosentence) or that are not syntactically connected to a sentence, including curses ("damn!"), greetings ("hey", "bye"), response particles ("okay", "oh!", "m-hm", "huh?"), and hesitation markers ("uh", "er", "um"), and perhaps profanities, discourse markers and fillers.

intransitive verb

Of a verb: not taking a direct object; not transitive. For example, the verb listen does not usually take a direct object; it is grammatically incorrect to say "I listened the ball".

Of an adposition (such as a preposition), or of an adverb: not having a nominal complement. For example, using the following prepositions or adverbs without a complement (here in parentheses): down (the stairs), under (the bridge), inside (the building), aboard (the ship), underneath (the table), here, there, abroad, downtown, afterwards, …

invariable

see: indeclinable

invariant

see: indeclinable

iotation

A specific occurrence of palatalization that occurred in the Proto-Slavic language, in which a consonant combined with the palatal approximant /j/ to form a palatalized consonant. Also, any similar process occurring in a later Slavic language or elsewhere. For example, under certain circumstances in Russian, underlying s; z; t; d; k; g are iotated to š; ž; č or šč; ž; č; ž respectively (pronounced /ʂ/; /ʐ/; /t͡ɕ/ or /ɕː/; /ʐ/; /t͡ɕ/; /ʐ/ respectively). See Appendix:Russian verbs#Slavic iotation for the full iotation rules in Russian. Other Slavic languages behave similarly.

IPA

The International Phonetic Alphabet; a standardized system for transcribing the sounds in any spoken language.

ʾiʿrāb

Also called desinential inflection; in Arabic: إِعْرَابٌ‎ ( ʾiʿrāb, ʾiʿrābun ). A number of inflectional endings, applied to Arabic nouns, adjectives, and verbs, which—with minor exceptions—do not appear in writing, and moreover are not pronounced in pausa, i.e. at the end of a sentence or before a pause. Nevertheless, these endings are a regular and required element of Qur'ānic and Classical Arabic. In Modern Standard Arabic, however, they are rather often avoided due to dialectal influence. In nouns and adjectives, the ʾiʿrāb primarily has the function of marking the cases ( nominative, genitive, accusative), while in verbs it marks the moods ( indicative, subjunctive, jussive). All of these are only occasionally distinguishable without application of the ʾiʿrāb. See ʾIʿrab on Wikipedia.

irregular

Not following the usual rules of inflection; for example, the plural of English man is men, which is irregular; the regularly formed plural would have been * mans.

iterative

Expressive of an action that is repeated with frequency.

J

jussive mood

In certain languages (e.g. Hebrew, Arabic and Esperanto), a mood of a verb used to indicate a command, permission or agreement with a request (distinct from the imperative).

K

Katharevousa

The classically based artificial ( standardized) Greek language created at the start of Greece's independence from the Ottoman Empire. It was used for all formal and official purposes until 1976. (Note: In Wiktionary, Katharevousa terms are entered under (modern) Greek.) (See Katharevousa on Wikipedia. )

Kulturwort

A type of Wanderwort which is specific to a particular culture or which is spread by an influential cross-cultural phenomenon. Kulturworts (or Kulturwörter) are often names of products distributed by trade and religious or ideological terms.

L

lemma

The headword or citation form of an inflected word, especially the form found in a bilingual dictionary. For verbs this is usually the infinitive or the present tense first person singular, for nouns it is usually the nominative singular. (In linguistics, the word is sometimes used in a sense that includes this definition plus all the inflections; compare lexeme). The plural of lemma is traditionally lemmata, but the form lemmas exists as well. See also Wiktionary:Lemmas.

letter case

The distinction between majuscule (uppercase) and minuscule (lowercase) letters.

lexeme

The abstract "word" underlying a set of inflections; for example, gives and given belong to the same lexeme, which is usually identified by its lemma form give. See also: (1) Wikipedia's article on lexemes, (2) Wiktionary:Languages with more than one grammatical gender, (3) conjugation and (4) declension.

linking verb

Another term for copula.

literally

Exactly as stated; read or understood without additional interpretation; not figurative or metaphorical.

literary

An elevated register found mainly in literature.

litotes

(from Ancient Greek λιτότης) better known as an understatement in English, is a rhetorical figure that consists of saying less to mean more. E.g.: he is not very clever instead of he is a stupid idiot ; she's not very pretty instead of she's ugly, etc. Not to be confused with euphemism, although litotes can be used for the purpose of euphemism.

loanword (also loan or borrowing)

A word that was adopted (borrowed) from another language, rather than formed within the language or inherited from a more ancient form of the same language. Loanwords may still be recognisably foreign (having non-native spelling or unusual pronunciation), or have become completely assimilated into the language (no longer perceived as foreign). For example, in English, schadenfreude is still recognisably German, while cellar is fully assimilated and no longer recognisably Latin (from cellārium). Sometimes a loanword can be both fully assimilated and still recognised as foreign, e.g. taco, burrito, etc. Compare loan translation ( calque).

locative case, loc.

" Locative". A case used to indicate place, or the place where, or wherein. It corresponds roughly to the English prepositions "in", "on", "at", and "by". Some languages use the same locative case construct to indicate when, so the English phrase "in summer" would use the locative case construct.

locative-qualitative case

Nouns in the form of the locative-qualitative case are qualifiers in the sentence and signify the locational or temporal mark of the qualified word. The qualifier is not specific but general or universalized. see Appendix:Uyghur nouns.

loosely

Indicates an imprecise use of words; short for loosely speaking. Contrast strict or narrow sense; strictly.

M

macron

A short, straight, horizontal diacritical mark ( ¯ ) placed over any of various letters, usually to indicate that the pronunciation of a vowel is long.

masculine, m

Belonging to the male grammatical gender, in languages that have gender distinctions.

mass noun

See uncountable noun

measure word

See counter.

mediopassive

In Ancient Greek, a category of inflected form in certain tenses that contrasts with the active voice, and may have meanings characteristic of the middle voice and passive voice. In other tenses, there is a three-way contrast between active-, middle- and passive-voice forms. See also middle voice.

men's speech

In certain languages (for example, Karajá language), men and women use or historically used distinct words and inflected forms.

meronym

A term that denotes a part of the whole that is denoted by another term. The word "arm" is a meronym of the word "body". The term which describes the whole, as being an opposite of meronym, is holonym.

metaphorical

The use of a word or phrase as a metaphor to refer to something that it is not, invoking a direct similarity between the word or phrase used and the thing described. See also simile and figurative.

metanalysis

See rebracketing.

metathesis

A sound change in which two sounds or groups of sounds exchange position in a word. A form showing metathesis is described as metathetic. The sounds may be adjacent, as in ax, the metathetic form of the verb ask, or farther apart, as in Spanish palabra from Latin parabola, in which case the sound change is hyperthesis.

metonym

A word that names an object from a single characteristic of it or of a closely related object, e.g. 'crown' for the sovereign in a monarchy.

middle voice

The voice verb form in which the subject of a verb performs some action upon itself, it falls somewhere between the active and passive voices. Found in a few languages (e.g. Sanskrit, Ancient Greek, Icelandic). ( see Voice (grammar) on Wikipedia. )

minced oath

A euphemism based on a profanity that has been altered to reduce or remove the objectionable characteristics of the original expression.

mixed

A kind of definiteness found in German and related languages, that is intermediate between definite (weak) and indefinite (strong).

monolectic

Used of a grammatical form accomplished with one word ( cf polylectic and periphrastic).

mood

One of the forms of a verb, used to indicate the speaker's attitude toward what they are saying (e.g. a statement of fact, of desire, of command, etc.). Examples include indicative, subjunctive, imperative, conditional. ( see Grammatical mood on Wikipedia. )

mpl, m. pl.

Masculine plural.

mute h

In French, an initial < h> that is treated like a vowel; that is to say, liaison and elision are permitted at the beginning of words that have a mute h.

N

nasal infix

The infix -né- or -n- in Proto-Indo-European, one of the affixes marking the imperfective aspect. It appears in several of the Indo-European languages: for instance, Latin vincit ( “ wins ” ), vīcit ( “ has won ” ); Ancient Greek λαμβάνω ( lambánō, “ I take ” ), ἔλᾰβον ( élabon, “ I took ” ).

negative polarity item

A term or construction that is generally found only in negative sentences, questions, conditionals, and certain other “negative polarity” contexts; for example, anyone is a negative polarity item, as one can say "I did not see anyone", "Did you see anyone?" and "If anyone wants this, speak up now", but not *"I saw anyone." Several expressions have similar properties, such as budge an inch: "I won't budge an inch" and "Will he even budge an inch?", but not normally *"He budged an inch in the negotiations." ( see Polarity item on Wikipedia. )

negative verb

An auxiliary verb used to form negatives of verbs in some languages. See also connegative.

neologism

A newly coined term or meaning. See Wiktionary:Neologisms.

neuter, n

Of neuter gender: having a form which is not masculine nor feminine; or having a form which is not of common gender.

nominal

Related to nouns. See also denominal.

As a noun, it refers to any part of speech that is noun-like in some way, and normally includes nouns themselves along with adjectives, pronouns and determiners. The inflection of nominals is commonly called declension.

nominative case

A case that is usually used as the subject of a verb. For example, if English had a fully productive case system, then (the) man in "The man threw the ball" would most likely be in the nominative case.

nominalization or substantivization

The use of a word which is not a noun (e.g. a verb or adjective) as a noun.

nonce word

A word invented for the occasion.

nonfinite, non-finite

Of a verb – lacking grammatical person and number attributes; most nonfinite verbs found in English are infinitives, participles and gerunds.

non-past tense

The tense of a verb that does not pertain to the past; in particular, applicable to both the present and the future. Common in some languages, such as Arabic. In English, the main verb in the sentences I am running tomorrow and I am running now can be said to be in the non-past tense, since the same verb can be used to express both the present and the future.

nonstandard

Not conforming to the language as accepted by the majority of its speakers.

nonvirile

In Slavic languages, a plural gender used for all groups that do not contain men, as well as plurals of masculine animate, masculine inanimate, feminine and neuter nouns. Contrast virile.

noun

A person (such as a actress), a place, a physical thing (such as wood), or concept (such as beauty, joy, or time). See also countable, uncountable and plural.

noun class

In some languages (especially the Bantu languages), a way of classifying nouns much like gender, but determined by other considerations such as the type and shape of an object, whether it is animate or inanimate, a person or non-person, and so on.

noun clause

A type of dependent clause that takes the place of nouns. Examples are I said that my name is John as well as I suggested that he leave and That the color of the sky on Mars is pinking-red is surprising to me. Noun clauses can also be nonfinite (i.e. with the verb in the form of an infinitive), as in I asked him to leave (compare the synonymous I asked that he leave, expressed using a finite verb).

number, grammatical number

A grammatical category that indicates how many items or individuals. Examples are singular, plural and dual.

O

object

English Wikipedia has an article on:

Object (grammar)

The entity that is acted upon by a verb. For example, in the sentence Tom studies grammar, the word grammar is the object. Contrast subject.

→ direct object, indirect object

oblique case, objective case

Any case that is neither nominative nor vocative. The term is therefore often plural ("the oblique cases"); but in some languages, such as Hindustani and Old French, the oblique is a particular case form, used for example (in Old French) for the direct object and with prepositions.

obsolete, obs.

No longer in use, and (of a term) no longer likely to be understood. Obsolete is a stronger term than archaic, and a much stronger term than dated. See Wiktionary:Obsolete and archaic terms.

OED

Oxford English Dictionary. Also SOED (Shorter), OED1 (1st edition), OED2 (2nd edition), NOED (New).

onomatopoeia

A word that is meant to sound like what it represents. English examples are kaboom, cuckoo, tweet and ding dong.

optative mood

A category of verb form (a mood) that expresses wishes along with other meanings. Such a category occurs in Ancient Greek and Sanskrit.

outdated

see dated

oxytone

With the stress upon the final syllable (e.g. εθνικός ( ethnikós )). Compare with paroxytone, proparoxytone, and barytone.

P

p.

post or after, often used in quotations. Hence, a quotation from "p. 1924" is a quotation from no earlier than 1924.

plural.

palatalization

In some cases, the state or quality of being palatalized, i.e. of pronouncing a sound with the tongue against the palate of the mouth that normally is not so pronounced. Some languages, such as Russian and Irish, have pairs of palatalized and unpalatalized consonant phonemes.

In other cases, a sound change that involves a change of consonants to become palatalized or move in the direction of the palate; one of the most common of sound changes, and usually triggered by a following /e/, /i/ or /j/. In English, palatalization (known as yod-coalescence) converted /t/ /d/ /s/ /z/ to /t͡ʃ/ /d͡ʒ/ /ʃ/ /ʒ/ before a /j/ (which was later lost), resulting in the sounds found in nature, procedure, pressure, azure, where the spelling still indicates the sound as it was prior to palatalization. Palatalization still operates synchronically before a /j/, producing, for instance, the pronunciations gotcha and didja from got you and did you. (See also Palatalization on Wikipedia. )

palindrome

A word, phrase, number or any other sequence of units which has the property of reading the same forwards as it does backwards, character for character, sometimes disregarding punctuation, capitalization and diacritics.

paradigm

A set of all forms which contain a common element, especially the set of all inflectional forms of a word or a particular grammatical category.

paroxytone

With the stress upon the penultimate (second to last) syllable (e.g., εθνολόγος ( ethnológos )). Compare with oxytone, proparoxytone, and barytone.

part of speech (abbreviated POS or PoS)

The category that a word belongs to, with respect to how it's used as part of phrases and sentences. Examples are nouns, adjectives and verbs. The part of speech is inherent in the word itself, and is independent of any specific role that the word may have within any given sentence (e.g. subject, direct object). Words may belong to more than one part of speech: English this is both a determiner and a pronoun, while coat is both a noun and a verb.

partial calque

A term which is only in part a calque or loan translation, such that some parts have been translated word-for-word and other parts have been borrowed directly. For example, the English term liverwurst is a partial calque of German Leberwurst; the first part Leber ( “ liver ” ) was translated, but the second part Wurst ( “ sausage ” ) was borrowed without translation. A partial calque is also known as a loanblend. ( see Partial calque on Wikipedia. )

participle

A form of a verb that may function as an adjective or noun. English has two types of participles: the present participle and the past participle. In other languages, also future, perfect, future perfect participles.

particle

A word that does not fall into the usual part of speech categories, but which modifies another word or the sentence as a whole. The English term like is used as a particle in many dialects. Particles are more common in other Indo-European languages (e.g. German doch, which marks a sentence as being surprising or rebutting a previous statement) and in East Asian languages (e.g. Japanese は, which marks the topic of a sentence). Many clitics are particles.

partitive

Indicating partialness or indeterminateness, such as "some water" or "something nice". In Dutch, it is a word form that is used when referring to undetermined things or amounts. French has special partitive articles which qualify indefinite mass nouns.

partitive case

A case that expresses a partial object or an action that is not performed to completion.

passive voice

the voice verb form in which the subject is not the person or thing doing the action, and is usually having the action done on them, cf active voice. ( see also Voice (grammar) on Wikipedia. )   e.g.: the ball was kicked (by the boy).

past tense

The tense of a verb used to refer to an event, transaction, or occurrence that did happen or has happened, or an object that existed, at a point in time before now. An English example is saw in I saw my friend yesterday.

past perfect

Same as pluperfect.

penultima

The next-to-last syllable of a word.

perfect

The aspect of a verb, indicating that the action described is completed. Consists of the verb 'have' + the past participle e.g., 'Tom has painted the fence' 'Tom has taken medicine'. Depending on the tense of 'have' one can have present perfect, which are represented in the previous examples, or past perfect: 'Tom had painted the fence', 'Tom had taken medicine'. 'To have painted' is a perfect infinitive. See also Imperfect. Not to be confused with perfective.

perfective

The aspect of a verb, which denotes viewing the event the verb describes as a simple whole, rather than as having internal structure. For example, "she sat down" as opposed to "she was sitting down". As this may often lead to an interpretation of completeness of what is expressed by the verb, this aspect is generally associated with the past and future tenses. Common in Slavic languages such as Russian. This term is often used interchangeably with aorist aspect. Not to be confused with perfect. ( see Perfective aspect on Wikipedia. )

periphrastic

Using more words to produce a grammatical effect. For example more fair is a periphrastic form of fairer. The English future tense requires periphrastic usage: "I will write an essay." (Compare monolectic and polylectic.)

person, grammatical person

A grammatical category that indicates the relationship between the speaker and what is being spoken of. Examples are first person, second person and third person.

phoneme

An indivisible unit of sound in a given language, an abstraction of the physical speech sounds.

phrase

1. A word or group of words that functions as a single unit in the syntax of a sentence, usually consisting of a head, or central word, and elaborating words. Examples are the good boy (a noun phrase), very strange (an adjective phrase), and in the house (a prepositional phrase). Normally distinguished from a clause, a similar group of words that contains a verb.

2. Same as set phrase.

plosive

A consonant sound produced by completely blocking the airflow through the mouth for a short time. In English, the plosives are voiceless /p/, /t/, /k/ (as in the initial sounds of pea, tea, key) and the corresponding voiced sounds /b/, /d/, /ɡ/ (as in the initial sounds of buy, die, guy). Plosives are distinguished from fricatives, in which the air is mostly but not completely blocked, enough to cause a rough, hissing or buzzing sound, and approximants, in which the airflow is only slightly constricted, resulting in a smooth sound.

pluperfect

A verb form of perfect aspect and past tense, which is used to describe an action or event which is regarded as having been completed in the past, in relation to a time already in the past. E.g., Tom had painted the fence before I got there.

plural, plural number, pl., p.

A grammatical number that indicates multiple items or individuals. Most languages contrast it with singular, in which case plural indicates two or more. Some languages also possess the dual or even trial numbers; in these cases the plural indicates more than the highest specific number.

pluralia tantum

Nouns that are mostly or exclusively used in the plural form.

plural only

A noun (or a sense of a noun) that is inherently plural and is not used (or is not used in the same sense) in the singular, such as pants in the senses of "trousers" and "underpants", or wheels in the sense of "car", is plural only or a plurale tantum. In practice, most pluralia tantum are found in the singular in rare cases. ( See Category:English pluralia tantum.) Contrast words which are singular only (singularia tantum).

phono-semantic compound

Calque of Chinese 形聲字／ 形声字 ( xíngshēngzì).

A Chinese character ( CJKV character) composed of a component which is related to the meaning the character and another component which is related to the sound of the character.

polylectic

Used of a grammatical form accomplished with more than one word ( cf monolectic and periphrastic).

portmanteau

A blend that combines meanings.

positive

The 'normal' form of the degrees of comparison of an adjective or adverb. Thus big is the positive form of the trio big, bigger, biggest.

postpositive

Placed after the word modified.

preconsonantal

Immediately preceding a consonant or consonant sound.

predicate

The part of a sentence that follows the subject. This generally consists of the verb and any objects. It can also consist of a linking verb (e.g. "to be", "to seem", etc.) and a following adjective, which is termed a predicate adjective or predicative adjective (contrasted with an attributive adjective, which directly modifies a noun). An example would be good in The food is good. Some languages, such as German and Russian, have a special declension for predicate adjectives.

predicative

Menjelaskan istilah yang bertindak sebagai predikat atau bagian dari predikat suatu kalimat (misalnya , kata sifat predikatif , seperti baik dalam Makanan itu baik ). Beberapa kata sifat hanya bersifat predikatif seperti takut atau senang dalam bahasa Inggris. ― Dalam bahasa Rusia , sering kali secara khusus mengacu pada bagian ucapan seperti kata sifat yang berfungsi sebagai predikat keseluruhan kalimat dalam konstruksi impersonal . Konstruksi semacam itu seringkali tidak dapat diterjemahkan kata demi kata dalam bahasa Inggris. Contohnya adalah ску́чно ( skúčno , " itu membosankan " ) dalam kalimat мне ску́чно ( mne skúčno , " Saya bosan " , secara harfiah " Itu membosankan bagi saya " ) .

awalan

Sebuah morfem ditambahkan ke awal kata untuk memodifikasi maknanya.

bersifat menentukan

(sebagai label konteks untuk kata atau frase) Benar dan konsisten menurut aturan linguistik, tetapi tidak dalam penggunaan umum.

prevocalic

Tepat sebelum bunyi vokal atau vokal.

preposisi

Sebuah kata, biasanya non- inflecting , yang biasanya digunakan untuk menghubungkan kata benda atau kata ganti berikut , dalam arti kata sifat atau kata keterangan , dengan beberapa kata lain. Contoh preposisi dalam bahasa Inggris adalah in , from , dan During . Perhatikan bahwa beberapa bahasa memiliki postposisi, bukan preposisi; mereka berfungsi seperti preposisi tetapi muncul setelah kata benda atau kata ganti dihubungkan.

kasus preposisi

Sebuah kasus yang digunakan dalam bahasa tertentu, terutama Rusia , setelah tertentu preposisi . Dalam bahasa Rusia , ini sesuai dengan kasus lokatif dalam bahasa Slavia lainnya .

Kala Kini

The tense of a verb used primarily to refer to an event, transaction, or occurrence happening now or at the present time. The verb see in I see my friend in the window is in the present tense. In many languages, including English, the present tense may also be used to refer to past or future events in certain contexts: My plane leaves tomorrow morning (where leave is a present verb that refers to the future), or: John Lennon dies of gunshot wounds (as in a headline, where dies is a present verb that refers to the past; see historical present). While such uses are somewhat exceptional in English, the present tense is used much more widely in many languages. For example, the German present tense also covers some or most of the uses of the English future ( I will do) and present perfect ( I have done).

preterite-present verb

In Germanic languages, a verb that displays (or historically displayed) ablaut in the present tense, and thereby had present tense forms resembling the past (or preterite) tense of a strong verb. Most languages have no more than a handful of such verbs, and they are often used as auxiliary verbs. English examples are shall, can, may. Contrast strong verb, weak verb.

productive

Used to form new words and phrases. For example, when a new verb appears in Modern English, the productive suffix -ed is used to form its past participle; by contrast, the suffix -en appears in many existing past participles, but is not productive, in that it is not (usually) used to form new ones.

progressive

The aspect of a verb, indicating that the action described is, was or will be continuing, uncompleted or repeated. A verb form indicating that an action is in progress. In English, formed from a combination of 'be' + the present participle ('-ing' form) of the verb. So one can have present progressive e.g., " is painting", past progressive e.g., " was painting", future progressive e.g., " will be painting", etc. Similar to, but less general than, the imperfective aspect. See also continuous.

pronominal verb

A form of verb that has an attached pronoun, prominent feature of Romance and Slavic languages. The verb-pronoun combination can have reflexive, reciprocal, passive, subjective or idiomatic semantics.

pronoun

A part of speech that acts as a substitute for a noun or noun phrase and refers to a topic of the discussion. Pronouns can refer to a participant in the discussion and can be used instead of a person's name, which is the case for pronouns I and you. Other pronouns, such as he, she, and it, can be used to refer to other people or objects that have already been mentioned without repeating their names.

proparoxytone

With the stress upon the antepenultimate (third to last) syllable (e.g., εθνικότητα ( ethnikótita )). Compare with oxytone, paroxytone, and barytone.

proper noun

A kind of noun that usually refers to a specific, unique thing, such as Earth and the Alps, though one language's proper noun may translate to another language using a common (not proper) noun. In English, proper nouns are usually capitalized, as are common nouns and adjectives derived from proper nouns. The same word may have both common-noun and proper-noun senses (such as German, which is both a proper noun denoting a certain language, and a common noun denoting a person from Germany), and most proper nouns can sometimes be used as common nouns (e.g., John is a proper noun that is a first name, but can be used a common noun with plural Johns meaning “people named John”).

proscribed

Some authorities or commentators recommend or warn against the listed usage.

prothesis

The prepending of phonemes at the beginning of a word without changing its morphological structure, as in nother, from other (“a whole nother thing”), or Spanish esfera from Latin sphaera ( “ sphere ” ).

proverb

A phrase expressing a basic truth which may be applied to common situations.

R

reanalysis

Analyzing a lexeme with a different structure from its original, often by misunderstanding. For example, hamburger, which is originally Hamburg + -er, was reanalyzed as ham + -burger, which produced words like cheeseburger.

rebracketing

The process by which a word originally derived from one source is broken down or bracketed into a different set of factors. The understanding of hamburger as ham + burger (rather than Hamburg + -er) is an example of rebracketing. Also called metanalysis.

reciprocal

Used to indicate that subjects have other subjects as object. Pronouns can be reciprocal (in English each other), as well as verbs reciprocal quality as lexemes.

reconstruction

A word that is not recorded in actual texts or other media, but has been recreated from its descendant forms, using the comparative method of linguistics.

reducible

In the Slavic languages, a word (especially a noun or adjective) with an alternation between a vowel and no vowel in different forms of the word, pursuant to Havlík’s law. In Russian, for example, the reducible masculine noun вене́ц ( venéc, “ crown ” ) appears unreduced (with /e/ in the final syllable) in the masculine singular, and reduced (with no /e/) in other forms, e.g. genitive singular венца́ ( vencá ), nominative plural венцы́ ( vencý ).

reduplication

The repetition of a word or a part of a word (as few as two phonemes in a word, or the whole sequence of phonemes in the word) with no change or slight change. Compare haplology, the elision of a repeated part of a word.

reflexive

Referring back to the subject, or having an object equal to the subject. Pronouns can be reflexive (e.g. myself, oneself). Romance and Slavic languages make extensive use of reflexive verb forms (e.g. Italian lavarsi, Spanish lavarse ( “ to wash oneself ” )). These are part of a larger group of pronominal verbs.

register

Has two meanings. In sociolinguistics, and most commonly in this dictionary, it refers to a variety of a language used for a particular purpose or in a particular social setting, and encompasses variants such as slang, colloquial, informal, normal, formal, etc. In phonology, it refers to a phonological property of a syllable in certain languages where the features of tone, phonation (e.g. breathy voice and creaky voice) and glottalization are interrelated. Burmese and Vietnamese are noted languages with register systems in their phonology.

related terms

Words in the same language that have strong etymological connections but are not derived terms.

relational

Refers to a type of adjective in some languages, e.g. Latin, Ancient Greek and the Slavic languages, that takes the place of a noun when it modifies another noun. Consider an English phrase such as chicken soup. In English, this phrase can be constructed by simply placing a noun such as chicken in the position normally occupied by an adjective, i.e. directly before the noun. In languages such as Russian, however, this cannot be done, and instead the word ку́рица ( kúrica, “ chicken ” ) must be replaced by the relational adjective кури́ный ( kurínyj, “ related to chickens ” ) when forming the Russian equivalent кури́ный суп ( kurínyj sup, “ chicken soup ” ). Generally, adjectives of this sort cannot be qualified by more, less or very.

relative

1. Marking a relative clause. Often used of pronouns, such as the tree which....

2. In the Bantu languages, a part of speech that resembles an adjective in function, but behaves morphologically and syntactically like a relative clause.

relative clause

A subordinate clause that modifies a noun. In The man who I saw yesterday is leaving today, the clause who I saw yesterday is a relative clause. In English, relative clauses are often introduced by a relative pronoun such as who, which or that, but other languages often have different strategies for marking relative clauses. ( see Relative clause on Wikipedia. )

respelling

A different spelling of a word, especially to show its pronunciation.

retronym

A new word or phrase coined for an old object or concept whose original name has become used for something else or is no longer unique (such as acoustic guitar where guitar used to mean this but can now also refer to an electric guitar).

rhetoric

1. The art of effective or persuasive speaking or writing. 2. A string of words that are designed to impress or confuse, rather than communicate. See also Appendix:Glossary of rhetoric.

rhetorical question

A question to which the speaker does not expect an answer

rhotacism, rhotacization

A sound change that converts one consonant (usually a voiced alveolar consonant: /z/, /d/, /l/, or /n/) to a rhotic consonant in a certain environment, most commonly /z/ to /r/.

Romanization, Romanisation

Transliteration of a string in a non-Latin script into the Latin or Roman one: for instance, συγγνώμη can be romanized as singnómi.

root

The part of a word that forms its core and gives its most basic meaning; also the part of the word that is left when all affixes are removed. For example, in insubordination, the root is ord, while in unspeakableness it is speak. The root is often the first part of the word (as in Uralic and often in Indo-European languages), but it may also be the last part, or it may only consist of the consonants of the word (as in the Afroasiatic languages).

S

s., sg.

Singular.

SAMPA

SAMPA, a set of systems for representing the phonemes of various languages in plain ASCII text. Not to be confused with X–SAMPA, the system for representing the full International Phonetic Alphabet in plain ASCII text.

script

A writing system adapted to a particular language or set of languages.

second person, 2nd person

A grammatical person that indicates the person or group that one is speaking to. Examples are the English pronouns you and thou.

semantic loan

A process of borrowing semantic meaning from another language, where the complete word in the borrowing language already exists (compare calque, where the complete word does not exist). For example, the French word souris (literally “ mouse ” ) was given the additional meaning computer mouse based on English mouse, which has both meanings. ( see Semantic loan on Wikipedia. )

semelfactive

A verbal aspect, a subclass of perfective, which denotes a momentary or punctual event (e.g. to sneeze, to blink, to knock). In Slavic languages such as Russian, often used to express actions performed once. ( See Semelfactive on Wikipedia. )

sentence

A syntactic unit that expresses a complete thought and consists of one or more clauses joined together.

sentence adverb

An adverb that modifies an entire clause or sentence rather than a single word or phrase.

set phrase

Set phrase, a common expression (a phrase) whose wording is not subject to variation, or alternately, whose words cannot be replaced by synonymous words without compromising the meaning. Set phrases may include idioms, proverbs, and colloquialisms. For example, flight simulator is a set phrase because it has a special meaning that flying simulator doesn't.

shortening

A shortened form of a word(s), including abbreviations, acronyms, contractions, initialisms, short forms.

short form

A shortened term which is itself a stand-alone term; eg. Acts, a short form used to refer to Acts of the Apostles.

sic

A Latin adverb meaning "thus, so". It is traditionally placed inside square brackets and used in quotations to indicate that the preceding is not a copying error, but is in fact a verbatim reflection of the source. (For example, if a source contains a typographical error, someone quoting the source might add [sic] to make clear that the error was in the original source.)

simile

A figure of speech in which one thing is compared to another, in the case of English, generally using like or as; see metaphor and figurative.

singular, singular number, sg. , s

A grammatical number that indicates exactly one item or individual. Usually contrasts with plural, and, in some cases, with dual.

singulative, singulative number, SGV

The marked singular form of an unmarked mass noun.

Sino-Xenic

Refers to pronunciations in Japanese, Korean and Vietnamese languages (grouped with Chinese as CJKV) of terms or components derived from medieval Chinese.

slang

Denotes language that is unique to a particular profession or subject, i.e. jargon. Also refers to the specialized language of a social group, sometimes used to make what is said unintelligible to those who are not members of the group, i.e. cant. Such language is usually outside of conventional usage, and is mostly inappropriate in formal contexts.

Slavic first palatalization

A specific occurrence of palatalization that occurred in the Proto-Slavic language, in which the velar consonants *k *g *x when followed by any of the front vowels *e *ě *ь *i became the sounds *č *ž *š, respectively. The Slavic first palatalization is still an active process in many modern Slavic languages. For example, before certain suffixes in Russian, the consonants к г х ц become ч ж ш ч respectively. Other Slavic languages behave similarly. ( See Slavic first palatalization on Wikipedia. )

Slavic progressive palatalization

A specific occurrence of palatalization that occurred in the Proto-Slavic language, in which the velar consonants *k *g *x when preceded by either of the front vowels *ь *i (possibly with an intervening n) became the sounds *c dz s/š, respectively, with s occurring in East and South Slavic but š occurring in West Slavic. ( See Slavic progressive palatalization on Wikipedia. )

snowclone

A type of cliché which uses an old idiom formulaically in a new context. ( See Appendix:Snowclones and Snowclone on Wikipedia. )

solemn

Used to evoke a sense of current events being highly important. Examples of situations where solemn language is likely to be used are liturgical events, various ceremonies, and public speeches. Solemn terms are often dated or archaic, and once belonged in the neutral register.

spelling pronunciation

A pronunciation affected by the written form of the word, diverging from the original inherited form. Some spelling pronunciation are considered mistakes or non-standard, while others have, historically become universally accepted and completely replaced the original pronunciations. ( See Spelling pronunciation on Wikipedia. )

stem

The part of an inflected word that the ending is attached to. For example, Latin mens- (stem, "table") + -ae (ending, 1st-declension nominative plural) → mensae (full word, "tables", nominative plural).

stratum

English Wikipedia has an article on:

stratum (linguistics)

A language that influences another by contact, typically due to close geographic proximity (often both spoken simultaneously in the same land) and some form of cultural contact. A stratum can be further classified as substrate, superstrate, or adstrate.

strong pronoun

( Greek) An emphatic pronoun.

strong verb

In Germanic languages, a verb that displays ablaut. More specifically, a verb that has a change in vowel between present and past. An English example is drink, drank, drunk. Note that some verbs show a vowel change, but not as a result of ablaut (e.g. think, thought); these are not considered strong verbs. Contrast weak verb, preterite-present verb.

subject

English Wikipedia has an article on:

subject (grammar)

In a clause: the word or word group (usually a noun phrase) that is dealt with. In active clauses with verbs denoting an action, the subject and the actor are usually the same. Contrast object.

subjunctive mood

The mood of a verb expressing an action or state which is hypothetical or anticipated rather than actual, including wishes and commands. An English example is were in if I were rich, ….

subordinate clause

Same as dependent clause.

substantive

A noun or adjective (or phrase), that names a real object with substance. This is in contrast to an attributive noun or adjective, which names a real object that carries the attributes of the named noun or adjective.

substratum

A language stratum which has lower cultural or political prestige than the one which it influences. In many cases, historical substrate languages have gone extinct without ever having been attested, and so must be inferred from their influences on surviving or attested languages. One such example is the Pre-Greek substratum.

suffix

A morpheme added to the end of a word to modify its meaning.

superlative

An inflection, or different form, of a comparable adjective showing a relative quality, denoting "to the ultimate extent" ( see also comparative and degrees of comparison). In English, the superlative form is often formed by appending -est, or using the word most. For example, the superlative of big is " biggest"; of confident, " most confident".

superseded

Especially of a spelling, formerly standard, and still frequently encountered, but now deprecated in favor of another form as the result of a spelling reform.

superstratum

A language stratum which has higher cultural or political prestige than the one which it influences. One historical example is the superstrate effect of Old Norman French on late Old English in the centuries following the 11th-century Norman conquest of England.

supine

A term for an infinite verb form in some languages. In Latin, a type of verbal noun, used for the ablative and accusative case of an infinitive. In Swedish, a form related to the past participle, used to form perfect tenses. In Slovene and Lower Sorbian, a form related to the infinitive, used to indicate purpose after a verb of movement.

suppletion, suppletive

The situation in which the inflected forms of a word come from two or more unrelated roots: for example, go and went; be, is and was. One or more of these forms, or the entire paradigm of the word, may then be called suppletive. Examples from various languages may be found from Category:Suppletive verbs by language.

surface etymology

The apparent etymology of a term based on components occurring in the form of the language at a later point in time (see synchrony), such as earth + -en for earthen, which actually occurred in Old English as eorthene.

syllable

A unit of human speech that is interpreted by the listener as a single sound. ( See Syllable on Wikipedia. )

synchrony

English Wikipedia has an article on:

Synchrony and diachrony

The viewpoint of analysis of a language which considers only its state at one point (or period) in time, not accounting for historical language change or etymology (as opposed to diachrony). A purely synchronic analysis of a word or phrase (as e.g. from the intuition of a speaker of the language) which differs from its precise etymological derivation is termed a surface analysis.

syncope

The deletion or elision of sounds inside a word (not at the beginning or end), most often a single vowel, but sometimes a consonant or a sequence of vowels or consonants.

syncretism

The situation in which two or more inflected forms of a word are identical. For example, English walked is both the simple past and the past participle of walk, and Ancient Greek ἄλλο ( állo ) is the neuter nominative, accusative and vocative singular of ἄλλος ( állos ).

synonym

A word or phrase with a meaning that is the same as, or very similar to, another word or phrase. Contrast antonym.

T

تَصْحِيف‎ ( taṣḥīf )

When a copyist has set wrong points upon the skeleton ( rasm) of the (Arabic) script.

tautology

Redundant use of words, a pleonasm, an unnecessary and tedious repetition.

tense

One of the forms of a verb, used to distinguish when an action or state of being occurs or exists. The basic tenses in many languages are present, past, future. ( see Grammatical tense on Wikipedia. )

thematicization

Insertion of a thematic vowel on the root or stem of the word to make it undergo one of the productive vocalic inflections.

third person, 3rd person

A grammatical person that indicates someone or something that is neither the person or group to which the speaker belongs, nor the person or group that the speaker is speaking to. Examples are the English pronouns he, she, it, this, that, and so on. All nouns are generally considered third person. In some languages (like German, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, and Hungarian), the third-person conjugation is also used to express the formal you (sometimes combined with the plural and/or capitalizing the personal pronoun in writing).

tmesis

The insertion of one or more words between the components of a compound word.

tone

The pitch of a given syllable in languages where changing the pitch changes the basic meaning of the word. In Mandarin Chinese, for example, the word pronounced /ma/ (like English ma), when pronounced with a high, level tone means "mother", but when pronounced with a rising tone means "bother", and when pronounced with a falling tone means "scold".

toponym

A placename, or a word derived from one.

topicalized form

In some languages, such as Okinawan, a topicalized form of a word is a contraction of that word, used as the phrase topic, with the topic marker.

tr., tran.

Translator or translated, often used in quotations.

transferred sense, transf.

A (usually looser) meaning of a word or phrase developed from a metaphorical application of its original signification (for example, hunger has the primary and original sense “want of food”, “craving appetite”, whence developed the transferred sense of “any strong desire or craving”).

transgressive

A verb form in some Balto-Slavic languages that expresses a coincidentally proceeding or following action.

transitive verb

A verb which requires one or more objects (e.g. I kick the ball); contrast intransitive verb. (See also Transitivity (grammar) on Wikipedia. )

translation hub

An English multi-word entry that may be sum of parts and is there to host translations and enable navigation from one non-English entry to another non-English entry. An example: English studies.

transliteration

The conversion of text in one script into an equivalent in another script. This may include the conversion of diacritical marks into alternate forms without diacritical marks (e.g. Mörder → Moerder).

troponym

A verb that indicates more precisely the manner of doing something by replacing a verb of a more generalized meaning, e.g. “to boil” for “to cook”.

twice-borrowed

Terms in one language that were borrowed from a second language that originally borrowed the term from the first language.(More at Reborrowing on Wikipedia. )

U

UK

UK English, that is, the English of the United Kingdom.

unadapted borrowing

A loanword that has not been conformed to the morpho-syntactic, phonological and/or phonotactical rules of the target language. For example, English cubiculum is an unadapted borrowing from Latin cubiculum, while English cubicle is a standard borrowing from the same Latin word.

uncomparable, not comparable

(of adjectives) unable to be compared, or lacking a comparative and superlative function. See comparable. Examples of adjectives that are not comparable: annual, first, extra, satin, six-figure.

uncountable, uncountable noun, mass noun

A noun that cannot be used freely with numbers or the indefinite article, and which therefore usually takes no plural form. For example, the English noun information is a mass noun, and at least in its principal senses is uncountable in most varieties of English. For those senses, we cannot say that we have * one information, nor that we have * many information (or * many informations). Similarly, the main sense of butter is the uncountable sense, so the plural form butters is seldom used, although it occasionally is used to mean "types of butter" ( many herb butters contain garlic) or "[packets of] butter" (the latter represents a class of exceptions in which uncountable nouns may be used in the plural form as an implicit reference to the container: get me a water, order two sodas, have a few beers). Many languages do not distinguish between countable and uncountable nouns. Antonym: countable, or count noun.

undeclinable

see: indeclinable

univerbation

A single word formed from a fixed expression of several words. For example, the single word albeit comes from the Middle English expression al be it, in which al means although.

usage notes

Additional information on current and historic use of the term in written or spoken language.

V

varia lectio, variant reading, variant

Any one of the readings of a given word or passage in a text which differ from copy to copy, from edition to edition, from manuscript to manuscript, or from translation to translation.

velar

A consonant made with the tongue touching the soft palate (also known as the velum). In English these include /k/, /ɡ/, /ŋ/, as in the final consonants of sack, sag, and sang, respectively.

verb

A word that indicates an action, occurrence or state of being. The inflection of verbs is commonly called conjugation.

verbal noun

A noun formed from a verb.

verlan

A type of backslang used in French, in which the order of the syllables or sounds of words is changed, usually with the last syllable coming first.

virile

In Slavic languages, a plural gender used for groups that include men and for masculine personal nouns.

vocative case

A case which indicates that someone or something is being directly addressed (spoken to), often by name. For example, in the English phrase He's dead, Jim the name Jim would be a vocative.

voice

A verb characteristic (expressed in some languages by inflection) indicating its relationship with the subject. The usual voices are: active, passive and middle. see also Voice (grammar) on Wikipedia.

voiced

A sound produced with vibration of the vocal cords; a type of voicing.

voiceless

A sound produced without vibration of the vocal cords; a type of voicing.

voicing

A characteristic of sounds, indicating whether they are produced with vibration of the vocal cords. In English, all vowels are voiced, as well as all approximant consonants, but plosive and fricative consonants can be either voiced or voiceless. Examples of voiced sounds in English are /v/, /z/, /b/, /d/, and the corresponding voiceless sounds are /f/, /s/, /p/, /t/. Whispering is a type of speech production in which all sounds are pronounced voiceless.

vowel

A sound produced by the vocal cords with relatively little restriction of the oral cavity, forming the prominent sound of a syllable.

vulgar

Language considered distasteful or obscene.

W

Wanderwort or wanderword

A wordform which has spread over a substantial area, or to many regions, outside of that of its language of origin, typically due to cultural exchange resulting from travel and trade. Wanderworts are a type of loanword, but a Wanderwort may or may not be an areal word. See also Kulturwort. Contrast strata.

weak pronoun

A pronoun of one syllable which is dependent on another word and cannot be used on its own; sometimes called clitic. Compare with emphatic or strong.

weak verb

In Germanic languages, a verb that forms the past tense using a suffix containing a dental consonant ( d, t, ð or similar). Verbs of this type are considered "regular" in most Germanic languages, but there are also irregular weak verbs, such as English think, thought and have, had. Contrast strong verb, preterite-present verb.

WMF

Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., the parent organization of Wiktionary and other projects.

women's speech

In certain languages (for example, Karajá language), men and women use or historically used distinct words and inflected forms.

X

X-SAMPA

Extended SAMPA, a system for representing the full International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) in plain text ( ASCII). For a template that converts X-SAMPA to IPA, see {{x2i}}.

Z

zero-grade

Dalam linguistik Proto-Indo-Eropa , suatu bentuk ablaut dari suatu akar yang dicirikan oleh tidak adanya fonem vokal ablaut dasar * / e / dan * / o /. Misalnya, * bʰr̥- adalah tingkat nol dari akar kata Indo-Eropa * bʰer- yang berarti 'membawa, menanggung'.