Sejarah Sumatra (Marsden)/Bab 19

Dari Wikibuku bahasa Indonesia, sumber buku teks bebas

KINGDOMS OF INDRAPURA, ANAK-SUNGEI, PASSAMMAN, SIAK.

INDRAPURA[sunting]

Among the earliest dismemberments of the Menangkabau empire was the establishment of Indrapura as an independent kingdom. Though now in its turn reduced to a state of little importance, it was formerly powerful in comparison with its neighbours, and of considerable magnitude, including Anak-Sungei and extending as far as Kattaun. Some idea of its antiquity may be formed from a historical account given by the Sultan of Bantam to the intelligent traveller Corneille le Brun, in which it is related that the son of the Arabian prince who first converted the Javans to the religion of the Prophet, about the year 1400, having obtained for himself the sovereignty of Bantam, under the title of pangeran, married the daughter of the raja of Indrapura, and received as her portion the country of the Sillabares, a people of Banca-houlou.

CLAIMS OF THE SULTAN OF BANTAM[sunting]

Upon this cession appears to be grounded the modern claim of the sultan to this part of the coast, which, previously to the treaty of Paris in 1763, was often urged by his sovereigns, the Dutch East India Company. His dominion is said indeed to have extended from the southward as far as Urei river, and at an early period to Betta or Ayer Etam, between Ipu and Moco-moco, but that the intermediate space was ceded by him to the raja of Indrapura, in satisfaction for the murder of a prince, and that a small annual tax was laid by the latter on the Anak­sungei people on account of the same murder (being the fourth part of a dollar, a bamboo of rice, and a fowl, from each village), which is now paid to the sultan of Moco-moco. In the year 1682 the district of Ayer Aji threw off its dependence on Indrapura. In 1696 Raja Pasisir Barat, under the influence of the Dutch, was placed on the throne, at the age of six years, and his grandfather appointed guardian; but in 1701, in consequence of a quarrel with his protectors, the European settlers were massacred.

WAR WITH THE DUTCH[sunting]

This was the occasion of a destructive war, in the event of which the raja and his mantris were obliged to fly, and the country was nearly depopulated. In 1705 he was reinstated, and reigned till about 1732.

DECLINE OF THE KINGDOM[sunting]

But the kingdom never recovered the shock it had received, and dwindled into obscurity. Its river, which descends from the mountains of Korinchi, is considered as one of the largest in the southern part of the west coast, and is capable of admitting sloops. The country formerly produced a large quantity of pepper, and some gold was brought down from the interior, which now finds another channel. An English factory was established there about the year 1684, but never became of any importance.

KERAJAAN ANAK-SUNGEI[sunting]

Dari reruntuhan Indrapura, dibangunlah kerajaan Anak-sungei, yang terbentang di sepanjang pesisir dari Sungai Manjuta sampai Urei. Pemimpinnya bergelar sultan, dan ibukotanya, jika tempat semacam itu benar-benar ada, adalah Moco-moco. Deskripsinya dapat ditemukan di atas. Meskipun pemerintahannya Melayu, para menteri sultan disebut mantri (gelar yang diambil dari orang-orang Hindu) bagian terbesar dari daerah tersebut bergantung pada daerah yang dihuni oleh orang-orang dusun asli, dan konon pemimpin mereka yang sebenarnya bergelar proattin, yang giat menghadiri pangeran mereka pada masa-masa yang ditentukan, dan membawakannya kontribusi atau pajak mereka. Namun, kekuasaannya sangat terbatas.

Penguasa pertama kerajaan baru tersebut bernama sultan Gulemat, yang pada 1695 mengangkat dirinya sendiri di Manjuta, lewat bantuan Inggris, akibat revolusi di Indrapura. Pangeran memberikan perlindungan kepada mereka pada masa permukiman pertama mereka berjalan melewati intrik dari Belanda, seperti yang mereka ucapkan. Singkatnya, ini adalah perjuangan antar perushaaan rival, yang bantuannya disediakan oleh faksi-faksi berbeda karena peristiwa tersebut terjadi untuk menyelaraskan keperluan mereka, atau, menjadikan kekuatan yang dibutuhkan diri mereka sendiri sebagai keutamaan, pemimpin penduduk asli menjadi alat ambisi komersial mereka. Pada tahun 1717, Gulemat digulingkan dari tahtanya oleh majelis pemimpin yang menggelari diri mereka sendiri sebagai mantri Lima-kota dan proattin Anak-sungei, yang mengangkat seseorang bernama Raja Kechil-besar di ruangannya, melantiknya pada waktu yang bersamaan, sebagaimana menteri dan penerusnya, Raja Gandam Shah, yang setelah pelantikannya pada 1728, kursi pemerintahan dipindah dari Manjuta ke Moco-moco. Ia merupakan ayah dari sultan Pasisir Barat shah mualim shah, yang memerintah pada tahun 1780, namun ditekan oleh pemerontakan berkelanjutan dari putra sulungnya. Jangka waktu pendudukan oleh pemerintahan dua penguasa tersebut luar biasa ketika mereka menganggap bahwa salah satunya harus berada di kediamannya ketika ia menjadi menteri atau penilai pada 1717. Meskipun kurang menonjol, putra dari sultan Gulemat yang digulingkan, bernama sultan Ala ed-din, juga masih hidup, di Tappanuli, pada sekitar tahun 1780, yang saat itu berusia sembilan puluh tahun. Ia ditangkap sebagai tahanan negara di Madras pada masa pemerintahan Mr. Morse, dan disebutkan oleh Kapten Forrest (Pelayaran menuju Kepulauan Mergui, halaman 57) sebagai paman dari raja Achin, yang berkuasa pada 1784. Pemukiman Inggris pertama di Moco-moco didirikan pada 1717.

PASSAMMAN[sunting]

Passamman adalah provinsi paling utara yang tunduk langsung pada Menangkabau, dan setelah itu, bersama dengan Priaman dan banyak tempat lain di pesisir, berada di bawah kekuasaan raja-raja Achin. Daerah tersebut kini terbagi dalam dua kerajaan, yang masing-masing diperintah oleh seorang raja dan empat belas pangulu. Dulunya, daerah tersebut adalah tempat dagang, dan, disamping ekspor lada besar, menjajakan banyak emas murni dari pegunungan daerah Rau, yang berjarak sekitar tiga hari perjalanan pedalaman. Para penduduk daerah tersebut dikatakan sebagai orang-orang Batta yang berpindah ke Islam dan bercampur dengan orang-orang Melayu. Mereka diperintah oleh para datu. Kebiasaan busana yang dilakukan orang-orang Korinchi juga nampak disini, pria mengenakan celana panjang yang mencapai bagian bawah kaki, satu bagian berwarna mera dan yang lainnya berwarna putih atau biru, dan baju atau garment juga memiliki beragam warna. Bagian yang lebih besar dari emas yang dikumpulkan oleh mereka ditemukan pada perjalanannya menuju Patapahan di sungai Siak, dan dari sisi timur pulau dan selat Malaka. Suku Agam bersinggungan dengan Rau, dan terhubung pada wilayah selatan dengan Menangkabau, berbeda sedikit dari orang-orang Melayu, dan nampaknya diperintah oleh para datu.

SIAK[sunting]

Sungai besar Siak mendapatkan sumbernya dari pegunungan daerah Menangkabau, dan melepaskan dirinya sendiri di dekat Malaka, dengan tempat yang dulunya dipakai untuk perdagangan. Dari perkataan Belanda, kami memiliki pengetahuan umum soal sejauh apa tempat yang disebut Mandau atau Mandol, karena mereka menulis nama tersebut, dan dimana mereka memiliki tempat kecil pada catatan yang ditinggalkan pada kapal kayu.

SURVEY[sunting]

A recent survey executed by Mr. Francis Lynch, under the orders of the government of Pulo Pinang, has made us more particularly acquainted with its size, its advantages, and defects. From the place where it discharges itself into the straits of Kampar or Bencalis, to the town of Siak is, according to the scale of his chart, about sixty-five geographical miles, and from thence to a place called Pakan bharu or Newmarket, where the survey discontinues, is about one hundred more. The width of the river is in general from about three-quarters to half a mile, and its depth from fifteen to seven fathoms; but on the bar at low-water spring-tides there are only fifteen feet, and several shoals near its mouth. The tides rise about eleven feet at the town, where at full and change it is high-water at nine A.M. Not far within the river is a small island on which the Dutch had formerly a factory. The shores are flat on both sides to a considerable distance up the country, and the whole of the soil is probably alluvial; but about a hundred and twenty-five or thirty miles up Mr. Lynch marks the appearance of high land, giving it the name of Princess Augusta Sophia hill, and points it out as a commanding situation for a settlement.

PEMBUAT KAPAL[sunting]

Ia berbincang dalam istilah-istilah yang disukai dari fasilitas tersebut dengan pembuat kapal soal dimensi atau bentuk yang dibuat dan dirancang. Tak ada informasi penentuan ukuran atau populasi kota yang diberikan.

PEMERINTAHAN[sunting]

Pada Oktober 1808, pemerintahannya berada di bawah naungan Tuanku Pangeran, saudara Raja, yang akibatnya beberapa tekanan sipil ditarik ke seluruh daerah sungai. Namanya tak disebutkan , namun dari Perhimpunan Transaksi Batavia, kami mengetahui bahwa pangeran yang berkuasa pada sekitar tahun 1780 adalah Raja Ismael, "salah satu pembajak terbesar di laut tersebut." Kekuatan maritim kerajaan Siak seringkali ditonjolkan, dan dalam sejarah Melayu menyatakan bahwa kami berulang kali membaca ekspedisi yang dilakukan dari situ untuk melakukan serangan ke Johor, Malaka, dan berbagai tempat lain di dua pesisir semenanjung tersebut. Kebanyakan daerah tetangga (atau sungai) di pantai timur Sumatra, dari Langat sampai Jambi, dikatakan terbawa pada masa modern di bawah penaklukannya.

TRADE[sunting]

The trade is chiefly carried on by Kling vessels, as they are called, from the coast of Coromandel, which supply cargoes of piece-goods, and also raw silk, opium, and other articles, which they provide at Pinang or Malacca; in return for which they receive gold, wax, sago, salted fish, and fish-roes, elephants' teeth, gambir, camphor, rattans, and other canes. According to the information of the natives the river is navigable for sloops to a place called Panti Chermin, being eight days' sail with the assistance of the tide, and within half a day's journey by land of another named Patapahan, which boats also, of ten to twenty tons, reach in two days. This is a great mart of trade with the Menangkabau country, whither its merchants resort with their gold. Pakan-bharu, the limit of Mr. Lynch's voyage, is much lower down, and the above­mentioned places are consequently not noticed by him. The Dutch Company procured annually from Siak, for the use of Batavia, several rafts of spars for masts, and if the plan of building ships at Pinang should be encouraged large supplies of frame-timber for the purpose may be obtained from this river, provided a sense of interest shall be found sufficiently strong to correct or restrain the habits of treachery and desperate enterprise for which these people have in all ages been notorious.

RAKAN[sunting]

Sungai Rakan, di utara Siak, oleh beberapa orang dianggap sebagai sungai terbesar di pulau tersebut, jika sungai tersebut tak lebih dari dianggap sebagai inlet laut, bermuara di daerah Rau, dan mengalir jauh dari laut; namun kapal-kapal dapat memasukinya dengan mengikuti arus, atau lebih mungkin bergantung pada air pasang, dan sifat tersebut diketahui terjadi di Gangga dan tempat lainnya menurut pengamatan.

KAMPAR[sunting]

That of Kampar, to the southward, is said by the natives to labour under the same inconvenience, and Mr. Lynch was informed that the tides there rise from eighteen to twenty-four feet. If these circumstances render the navigation dangerous it appears difficult to account for its having been a place of considerable note at the period of the Portuguese conquest of Malacca, and repeatedly the scene of naval actions with the fleets of Achin, whilst Siak, which possesses many natural advantages, is rarely mentioned. In modern times it has been scarcely at all known to Europeans, and even its situation is doubtful.

INDRAGIRI[sunting]

Sungai Indragiri dikatakan oleh penduduk asli bermuara di sebuah danau di daerah Menangkabau, dimana dari sana sungai tersebut disebut dengan nama Ayer Ambelan. Pasang terjadi selama lima atau enam mereka (seperti yang mereka bilang), sehingga berlabuh dimulai ketika surut. Dari sebuah tempat bernama Lubok ramo-ramo, kami memakai perahu seberat lima sampai dua puluh ton, dan jenis yang lebih kecil dapat dikerahkan sampai mereka dihentikan oleh air terjun atau jeram di Seluka, di perbatasan Menangkabau. Jarak luar biasa ini yang mempengaruhi pasang yang terbentang menjadi pengaruh kedataran mutlak dari wilayah tersebut meskipun sungai-sungai tersebut memiliki ukuran yang lebih besar dari daerah mereka.

JAMBI[sunting]

Jambi River has its principal source in the Limun country. Although of considerable size it is inferior to Siak and Indragiri. At an early stage of European commerce in these parts it was of some importance, and both the English and Dutch had factories there; the former on a small island near the mouth, and the latter at some distance up the river. The town of Jambi is situated at the distance of about sixty miles from the sea, and we find in the work of the historian, Faria y Sousa, that in the year 1629 a Portuguese squadron was employed twenty-two days in ascending the river, in order to destroy some Dutch ships which had taken shelter near the town. Lionel Wafer, who was there in 1678 (at which time the river was blockaded by a fleet of praws from Johor), makes the distance a hundred miles. The trade consists chiefly in gold-dust, pepper, and canes, but the most of what is collected of the first article proceeds across the country to the western coast, and the quality of the second is not held in esteem. The port is therefore but little frequented by any other than native merchants. Sometimes, but rarely, a private trading ship from Bengal endeavours to dispose of a few chests of opium in this or one of the other rivers; but the masters scarcely ever venture on shore, and deal with such of the Malays as come off to them at the sword point, so strong is the idea of their treacherous character.

PALEMBANG[sunting]

Kerajaan Palembang adalah salah satu kerajaan yang dianggap penting, dan sungainya dianggap sebagai salah satu sungai terbesar di pulau tersebut. Sungai tersebut bermuara di distrik Musi, tepat di belakang perbukitan yang nampak dari Bencoolen, dan pada catatan tersebut dinamai Ayer Musi pada bagian awal dari penjelasannya, namun hilirnya lebih kerap disebut Tatong.

UKURAN SUNGAI[sunting]

Bersebelahan dengan kota Palembang dan pabrik Perusahaan Belanda, sungai tersebut memiliki panjang satu mil, dan layak untuk dlayari oleh kapal-kapal yang perairannya tak mencapai empat belas kaki. Sungai tersebut banyak dideskripsikan dipakai untuk keperluan militer (setidaknya pada 1660, ketika tempat tersebut diserang dan dihancurkan oleh bangsa Belanda) namun operasi tersebut menemui kesulitan tentang catatan sejumlah karangnya.

FOREIGN TRADE[sunting]

The port is much frequented by trading vessels, chiefly from Java, Madura, Balli, and Celebes, which bring rice, salt, and cloths, the manufacture of those islands. With opium, the piece-goods of the west of India, and European commodities it is supplied by the Dutch from Batavia, or by those who are termed interlopers. These in return receive pepper and tin, which, by an old agreement made with the sultan, and formally renewed in 1777, are to be exclusively delivered to the Company at stipulated prices, and no other Europeans are to be allowed to trade or navigate within his jurisdiction.

DUTCH FACTORY[sunting]

In order to enforce these conditions the Dutch are permitted to maintain a fort on the river with a garrison of fifty or sixty men (which cannot be exceeded without giving umbrage), and to keep its own cruisers to prevent smuggling. The quantity of pepper thus furnished was from one to two millions of pounds per annum. Of tin the quantity was about two millions of pounds, one third of which was shipped (at Batavia) for Holland, and the remainder sent to China. It has already been stated that this tin is the produce of the island of Bangka, situated near the mouth of the river, which may be considered as an entire hill of tin-sand. The works, of which a particular account is given in Volume 3 of the Batavian Transactions, are entirely in the hands of Chinese settlers. In the year 1778 the Company likewise received thirty-seven thousand bundles of rattans.

DAERAH HILIR[sunting]

Bagian-bagian hilir daerah Palembang pada pesisir dideskripsikan sebagai tanah basah yang datar, dan dengan pengecualian beberapa traktat yang secara keseluruhan tak selaras untuk tujuan penanaman. Pada umumnya, daerah tersebut dipahami seluruhnya tertutupi oleh laut pada masa lalu, tak hanya dari pengamatan tahun ke tahun, namun juga, setelah penggalian bumi di di beberapa pedalaman jauh, cangkang, dan bahkan potongan batang perahu, ditemukan.

INTERIOR COUNTRY. ITS TRADE[sunting]

The interior or upland districts on the contrary are very productive, and there the pepper is cultivated, which the king's agent (for trade in these parts is usually monopolized by the sovereign power) purchases at a cheap rate. In return he supplies the country people with opium, salt, and piece-goods, forming the cargoes of large boats (some of them sixty-six feet in length and seven in breadth, from a single tree) which are towed against the stream. The goods intended for Passummah are conveyed to a place called Muara Mulang, which is performed in fourteen days, and from thence by land to the borders of that country is only one day's journey. This being situated beyond the district where the pepper flourishes their returns are chiefly made in pulas twine, raw silk in its roughest state, and elephants' teeth. From Musi they send likewise sulphur, alum, arsenic, and tobacco. Dragons-blood and gambir are also the produce of the country.

PEMERINTAHANNYA[sunting]

Bagian pedalaman terbagi dalam provinsi, masing-masing ditugaskan sebagai fief atau pemerintahan untuk salah satu keluarga kerajaan atau bangsawan, yang melakukan pengurusan para deputi dan memberikan diri mereka sendiri sedikit perhatian terhadap perlakuan tugas-tugas mereka. Para pangeran, yang merupakan keturunan pangeran-pangeran kuno di daerah tersebut, mengalami banyak tekanan, dan ketika berhadapan untuk tampil di istana, mereka menyangkali setiap unsur dari pagelaran seremonial.

PEMUKIM DARI JAWA[sunting]

Para penguasa saat ini dari kerajaan Palembang dan sebagian besar penduduk kota tersebut aslinya datang dari pulau Jawa, akibat, menurut beberapa perkiraan, penaklukan awal oleh para penguasa Majapahit; atau, menurut sumber lainnya, menurut orang-orang dari Bantam, pada masa yang lebih modern; dan sesuai dengan keadaannya, entah secara nyata atau nominal, untuk secara nominal, kami menemukan dalam catatan pelayaran Belanda pertama, bahwa "pada 1596, seorang raja dari Bantam datang ke Palembang, sebuah kota pemberontak Sumatra, yang ia kepung."

KELUARGA KERAJAAN[sunting]

Belanda mengklaim penghormatan yang ditemukan pada takhta keluarga pemerintahan sultan (1780), bernama Ratu Akhmet Bahar ed-din, yang putra sulunya menyandang gelar Pangeran Ratu, memberi jawaban kepada RaJa muda dari orang-orang Melayu. Kekuatan penguasa tak dibatasi oleh pembatasan hukum apapun, namun tak mengikat badan pasukan reguler dalam membayar perintahnya yang seringkali tak dihargai oleh para bangsawan. Meskipun tanpa pendapatan tetap apapun dari pajak atau kontribusi, laba timbul dari perdagangan lada dan timah sangat besar, dan pemasukan berkelanjutan dari perak, tanpa pihak perantara manapun, sehingga ia harus menempatkan hartanya dalam jumlah besar. Kebiasaan memperdagangkan barang impor tmasih di tangan para shabhandara, yang ditugaskan untuk memperlengkapi rumah tangga raja dengan tujuan atau kebutuhan lainnya. Sebagian besar pekerja rumah tangga pangeran adalah para perempuan.

MATA UANG[sunting]

Mata uang daerah tersebut dan satu-satunya uang yang diijinkan untuk diterima di perbendaharaan raja adalah dolar Spanyol; namun ada juga peredaran umum sejumlah koin berukuran kecil, yang dikeluarkan oleh otoritas kerajaan, dan disebut pitis. Terdapat potongan piring yang berbahan timah dan timbal, dan, memiliki lubang persegi di tengah (seperti alat tukar Tiongkok), disimpan dalam lima ribu bungkus, enam belas diantaranya (menurut Transaksi Batavia) setara dengan satu dolar. Dalam hal nilai emas, ekor dianggap sebagai bagian kesepuluh dari katti (dari satu sepertiga pound), atau setara dengan nilai dua seperempat dolar Spanyol.

CITY[sunting]

The city is situated in a flat marshy tract, a few miles above the delta of the river, about sixty miles from the sea, and yet so far from the mountains of the interior that they are not visible. It extends about eight miles along both banks, and is mostly confined to them and to the creeks which open into the river. The buildings, with the exception of the king's palace and mosque, being all of wood or bamboos standing on posts and mostly covered with thatch of palm-leaves, the appearance of the place has nothing to recommend it. There are also a great number of floating habitations, mostly shops, upon bamboo-rafts moored to piles, and when the owners of these are no longer pleased with their situation they remove upwards or downwards, with the tide, to one more convenient. Indeed, as the nature of the surrounding country, being overflowed in high tides, scarcely admits of roads, almost all communication is carried on by means of boats, which accordingly are seen moving by hundreds in every direction, without intermission. The dalam or palace being surrounded by a high wall, nothing is known to Europeans of the interior, but it appears to be large, lofty, and much ornamented on the outside. Immediately adjoining to this wall, on the lower side, is a strong, square, roofed battery, commanding the river, and below it another; on both of which many heavy cannon are mounted, and fired on particular occasions. In the interval between the two batteries is seen the meidan or plain, at the extremity of which appears the balerong or hall where the sultan gives audience in public. This is an ordinary building, and serving occasionally for a warehouse, but ornamented with weapons arranged along the walls. The royal mosque stands behind the palace, and from the style of architecture seems to have been constructed by a European. It is an oblong building with glazed windows, pilasters, and a cupola. The burial place of these sovereigns is at old Palembang, about a league lower down the river, where the ground appears to be somewhat raised from having long been the site of habitations.

DORONGAN UNTUK ORANG-ORANG ASING[sunting]

Kebijakan para pangeran, yang mereka sendiri adalah orang asing, selalu mendorong pemukim asing, bagian hilir kota dari sungai tersebut berada dalam pengawasan besar terhadap orang-orang Tiongkok, Cochin­china, Camboja, Siam, Patani di pesisir semenanjung, Jawa, Sulawesi, dan tempat timur lainnya. Selain itu, para imam Arab dideskripsikan oleh Belanda menaungi sebagian besar suku, yang, meskipun dalam praktek biasa ditempatkan dan sangat mempengaruhi penduduk, dihadapkan oleh mereka dalam hal yang sangat kewahyuan.

AGAMA[sunting]

Agama Islam mempengaruhi seluruh kekuasaan sultan, dengan pengecualian sebuah distrik dekat pantai, yang disebut Salang, yang mana penduduk aslinya, yang disebut orang kubu, tinggal di hutan seperti hewan liar. Sastra daerah tersebut dikatakan dipengaruhi pada kajian al-Qur'an. Selain wacana-wacana dari alasan ini, aku menemukan di contoh lain terlalu terburu-buru dimajukan, atau oleh orang-orang yang tak handal untuk memberikan infromasi yang dibutuhkan.

BAHASA[sunting]

Bahasa raja dan istananya adalah dialek tinggi Jawa, bercampur dengan beberapa idiom asing. Dalam perbincangan umum dengan orang asing, perbincangannya selalu dalam bahasa Melayu, dengan pengucapan (seperti yang tercatat) diakhiri dengan o untuk a.

SIFAT PENDUDUK[sunting]

Di kalangan orang Palembang sendiri, bahasa (karakter yang mereka pakai) bercampur dengan Jawa umum. Belanda, yang harus mengandalkan catatan perilaku dan watak orang-orang tersebut, dan yang akan ditemukan pada Volume 3 halaman 122 dari Transaksi Batavia, menyebut orang-orang dari daerah hilir terpikat dengan setiap kualitas barang dan menghindari setiap barang yang buruk; sementara orang-orang perdalaman berbicara sebagai orang sederhana yang menunjukkan banyak penekanan di bawah tekanan*; namun ini menyadarkan bahwa setidaknya mereka memiliki sedikit pengetahuan, memiliki pandangan ekstrim dan iri hati terhadap pemerintah, yang memberikan peringatan terhadap segala upaya untuk merangseki daerah tersebut.

(*Catatan kaki. Sebuah cerita meragukan yang dikatakan dari adat di kalangan para penduduk dari sebuah provinsi bernama Blida, yang tak harus saya ulang namun sesuai dengan jeu d'esprit dari Swift yang kami hormati. Saat seorang anak lahir disana (kata orang-orang Palembang), dan ayahnya memiliki keraguan terhadap kejujuran istrinya, ia menempatkannyauntuk meyakinkannya dengan melemparkan bayi ke udara dan menangkapnya pada ujung tombak. Jika tak terluka menandakan bahwa ia diyakinkan atas pengesahannya, namun jika hal lain terjadi, ia menganggapnya sebagai kebohongan.)

INTERIOR VISITED BY ENGLISH[sunting]

This inland district having been visited only by two servants of the English East India Company who have left any record of their journeys, I shall extract from their narratives such parts as serve to throw a light upon its geography. The first of these was Mr. Charles Miller, who, on the 19th of September 1770, proceeded from Fort Marlborough to Bentiring on the Bencoolen river, thence to Pagar-raddin, Kadras, Gunong Raja, Gunong Ayu, Kalindang, and Jambu, where he ascended the hills forming the boundary of the Company's district, which he found covered with lofty trees. The first dusun on the other side is named Kalubar, and situated on the banks of the river Musi. From thence his route lay to places called Kapiyong and Parahmu, from all of which the natives carry the produce of their country to Palembang by water. The setting in of the rains and difficulties raised by the guides prevented him from proceeding to the country where the cassia is cut, and occasioned his return towards the hills on the 10th of October, stopping at Tabat Bubut. The land in the neighbourhood of the Musi he describes as being level, the soil black and good, and the air temperate. It was his intention to have crossed the hills to Ranne-lebar, on the 11th, but missing the road in the woods reached next day Beyol Bagus, a dusun in the Company's district, and thence proceeded to Gunong Raja, his way lying partly down a branch of the Bencoolen river, called Ayer Bagus, whose bed is formed of large pebble-stones, and partly through a level country, entirely covered with lofty bamboos. From Gunong Raja he returned down Bencoolen River on a bamboo raft to Bentiring, and reached Fort Marlborough on the 18th of October. The other traveller, Mr. Charles Campbell, in a private letter dated March 1802 (referring me, for more detailed information, to journals which have not reached my hand), says, "We crossed the hills nearly behind the Sugar-loaf, and entered the valley of Musi. Words cannot do justice to the picturesque scenery of that romantic and delightful country, locked in on all sides by lofty mountains, and watered by the noble river here navigable for very large canoes, which, after receiving the Lamatang and several other streams, forms the Palembang. Directing our course behind the great hill of Sungei-lamo we in three days discovered Labun, and crossed some considerable streams discharging themselves into the river of Kattaun. Our object there being completed we returned along the banks of the Musi nearly to the dusun of Kalubat, at which place we struck into the woods, and, ascending the mountain, reached towards evening a village high up on the Bencoolen River. There is but a single range, and it is a fact that from the navigable part of the Musi river to a place on that of Bencoolen where rafts and sampans may be used is to the natives a walk of no more than eight hours. Musi is populous, well cultivated, and the soil exceedingly rich. The people are stout, healthy looking, and independent in their carriage and manners, and were to us courteous and hospitable. They acknowledge no superior authority, but are often insulted by predatory parties from Palembang." These freebooters would perhaps call themselves collectors of tribute. It is much to be regretted that little political jealousies and animosities between the European powers whose influence prevails on each side of the island prevent further discoveries of the course of this considerable river.