Who's Who in China (edisi ke-3)/Chiang Ch'ao-tsung
General Chiang Ch'ao-tsung was born at Ching-te Hsien Anhui province, in 1859. He began his official career as an expectant Taotai in the Ching Dynasty. Before he came to Peking he was the Brigade-General in command of Hanchung Garrison. In July 1912 General Chiang became Acting Commander-in-Chief of the Metropolitan Gendarmiere and also Deputy Lieutenant-General of the Bordered Red Chinese Banner. In December 1912 the first mentioned post was substantiated to him. In May 1917 General Chiang was awarded the First Order of Wenfu, the highest military order. About the same time he was appointed Assistant Commander of the forces for the maintenance of order in Peking and Tientsin. In June 1917 General Chiang accepted the post of Acting Premier and countersigned President Li Yuan-hung's mandate dissolving the Parliament. In the beginning of July General Chang Hsun made the attempt to restore the old monarchy. General Chiang being an old official of the Ching Dynasty was soon favored with two appointments, Commader-in-Chief of the Imperial Metropolitan Gendarmerie and Director-General of the Peking Octroi. The monarchical restoration did not last long as Chang Hsun's forces were soon brought into subjection by Marshal Tuan Chi-jui's army. All those who had accepted appointments from the coup d'etat were suspected of sympathy to Chang Hsun. General Chiang consequently resigned from all the posts that he had been hitherto holding and retired into private life in Peking where he is at present considered a leading citizen. In August 1917 he was created a Chiang Chun of the Chiang Chun Fu or the College of Marshals with the special title of two words "Ti Wei." In October 1922 President Li Yuan-hung conferred upon General Chiang the Third Order of Merit in recognition of the service he had rendered to the country during the first few years of the Republic.