Ikhtisar Sejarah
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IKHTISAR
SEJARAH
Menjadi Sejarah Datar dari Kehidupan dan Umat Manusia
OLEH
H. G. WELLS
DITULIS DENGAN NASEHAT DAN BANTUAN PENYUNTINGAN DARI
MR. ERNEST BARKER,
SIR H. H. JOHNSTON, SIR E. RAY LANKESTER
DAN PROFESOR GILBERT MURRAY
DAN DIILUSTRASIKAN OLEH
J. F. HORRABIN
Volume I
New York
THE MACMILLAN COMPANY
1920
Seluruh hak cipta dilindungi
Hak cipta, 1920,
Oleh THE MACMILLAN COMPANY.
Hak cipta, 1920,
Oleh H. G. WELLS.
Dirancang dan ditulis. Diterbitkan pada November 1920.
Norwood Press
J. S. Cushing Co. — Berwick & Smith Co.
Norwood, Mass., AS
SKEMA ISI
BUKU I PEMBUATAN DUNIA KITA HALAMAN - Bab I. Bumi dalam Angkasa dan Waktu................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3 - Bab II. Catatan Bebatuan
§ 1. Makhluk-makhluk hidup pertama................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................7 § 2. Berapa usia bumi?................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................13 - Bab III. Seleksi Alam dan Perubahan Spesies................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
16 - Bab IV. Invasi Tanah Kering oleh Kehidupan
§ 1. Kehidupan dan air................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................23 § 2. Hewan-hewan terawal................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................25 - Bab V. Perubahan dalam Iklim Dunia
§ 1. Kenapa kehidupan harus berubah secara berkelanjutan................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................29 § 2. Matahari sebuah bintang yang tegar................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................34 § 3. Perubahan dari dalam bumi................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................35 § 4. Kehidupan menjadi perubahan kendali................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................36 - Bab VI. Zaman Reptil
§ 1. Zaman kehidupan dataran rendah................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................38 § 2. Naga-naga terbang................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................43 § 3. Unggas-unggas pertama................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................43 § 4. Zaman pekerjaan keras dan kematian................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................44 § 5. Kemunculan pertama rambut dan bulu................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................47 - Bab VII. Zaman Mamalia
§ 1. Zaman kehidupan baru................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................51 § 2. Tradisi yang datang ke dunia................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................52 § 3. Zaman pertumbuhan utak................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................56 § 4. Dunia berkembang keras lagi................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................57 § 5. Kronologi Zaman Es................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................59 BUKU II PEMBUATAN MANUSIA - Bab VIII. Leluhur Manusia
§ 1. Manusia diturunkan dari kera berjalan................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................62 § 2. Jejak pertama makhluk mirip manusia................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................68 § 3. Kelompok manusia Heidelberg................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................69 § 4. Kelompok manusia Piltdown................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................70 § 5. Teka-teki jasad Piltdown................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................72 - Bab IX. Manusia Neanderthal, sebuah Ras Punah. (Zaman Palæolitikum Awal)
§ 1. Dunia 50.000 tahun lalu................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................75 § 2. Kehidupan sehari-hari manusia pertama................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................79 § 3. Manusia Palæolitikum akhir................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................84 - Bab X. Manusia Palæolitikum Pasca-Glasial Akhir, Manusia Pertama yang Sebenarnya. (Zaman Palæolitikum Akhir)
§ 1. Kemunculan manusia seperti kita sendiri................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................86 § 2. Pembagian Palæolitikum Akhir................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................95 § 3. Manusia terawal yang sebenarnya adalah orang-orang liar yang pandai................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................98 § 4. Para pemburu digantikan oleh penggembala................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................101 § 5. Tak ada kelompok manusia di Amerika................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................102 - Bab XI. Manusia Neolitikum di Eropa
§ 1. Zaman penanaman dimulai................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................104 § 2. Dimana kebudayaan Neolitikum timbul?................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................108 § 3. Kehidupan Neolitikum sehari-hari................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................109 § 4. Bagaimana penyemaian dimulai?................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................116 § 5. Perdagangan primitif................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................118 § 6. Banjir Lembah Laut Tengah................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................118 - Bab XII. Pemikiran Awal
§ 1. Filsafat primitif................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................122 § 2. Manusia Tua yang beragama................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................125 § 3. Kekhawatiran dan harapan akan agama................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................126 § 4. Bintang-bintang dan musim-musim................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................127 § 5. Pengisahan cerita dan pembuatan mitos................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................129 § 6. Cikal bakal kompleks agama................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................130 - Bab XIII. Ras-ras umat manusia
§ 1. Apakah umat manusia masih membeda-bedakan?................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................136 § 2. Ras-ras utama umat manusia................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................140 § 3. Apakah ada ras Alpen?................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................142 § 4. Budaya Heliolitikum suku bangsa Brunet................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................146 § 5. Bagaimana ras yang ada dapat berkaitan satu sama lain................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................148 - Bab XIV. Rumpun Bahasa Umat Manusia
§ 1. Tak ada satu bahasa primitif................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................150 § 2. Rumpun bahasa Arya................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................151 § 3. Rumpun bahasa Semit................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................153 § 4. Rumpun bahasa Hamit................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................154 § 5. Rumpun bahasa Ural-Alta................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................156 § 6. Rumpun bahasa Tionghoa................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................157 § 7. Rumpun bahasa lain................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................157 § 8. Rumpun bahasa yang hilang dan terlampaui................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................161 § 9. Bagaimana rumpun bahasa dapat berkaitan................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................163 BUKU III PERMULAAN SEJARAH - Bab XV. Suku Bangsa Penutur Bahasa Arya pada Zaman Prasejarah
§ 1. Penyebaran para penutur bahasa Arya................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................167 § 2. Kehidupan Arya primitif................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................169 § 3. Kehidupan keseharian Arya awal................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................176 - Bab XVI. Peradaban Pertama
§ 1. Kota-kota awal dan nomaden-nomaden awal................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................183 § 2a. Teka-teki Sumeria................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................188 § 2b. Kekaisaran Sargon Pertama................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................191 § 2c. Kekaisaran Hammurabi................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................191 § 2d. Bangsa Asiria dan kekaisaran mereka................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................192 § 2e. Kekaisaran Kaldea................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................194 § 3. Sejarah awal Mesir................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................195 § 4. Peradaban awal India................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................201 § 5. Sejarah awal Tiongkok................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................201 § 6. Kala peradaban-peradaban berkembang................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................206 - Bab XVII. Suku Bangsa Pelaut dan Suku Bangsa Pedagang
§ 1. Kapal-kapal dan pelaut-pelaut terawal................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................209 § 2. Kota-kota Ægea prasejarah................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................213 § 3. Perjalanan penjelajahan pertama................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................217 § 4. Para pedagang awal................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................218 § 5. Para penjelajah awal................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................220 - Bab XVIII. Penulisan
§ 1. Penulisan gambar................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................223 § 2. Penulisan silabel................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................227 § 3. Penulisan abjad................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................228 § 4. The place of writing in human life................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................229 - Bab XIX. Dewa-dewi dan Bintang-bintang, Imam-imam dan Raja-raja
§ 1. Agama nomadik dan menetap................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................232 § 2. Imam yang muncul dalam sejarah................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................234 § 3. Imam-imam dan bintang-bintang................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................238 § 4. Imam-imam dan permulaan pemahaman................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................240 § 5. Raja melawan imam-imam................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................241 § 6. Bagaimana Bel-Marduk berjuang melawan raja-raja................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................245 § 7. dewa-raja Mesir................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................248 § 8. Shi Hwang-ti menghancurkan kitab-kitab................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................252 - Bab XX. Hamba tani, Budak, Kelas Sosial, dan Orang-orang Merdeka
§ 1. Sosok umum pada zaman kuno................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................254 § 2. Budak-budak terawal................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................256 § 3. Orang-orang "independen" pertama................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................259 § 4. Kelas-kelas sosial pada tiga ribu tahum lampau................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................262 § 5. Kelas-kelas beralih ke kasta-kasta................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................266 § 6. Kasta di India................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................268 § 7. Sistem Mandarin................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................270 § 8. Penjelasan lima ribu tahun................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................272 BUKU IV YUDEA, YUNANI, DAN INDIA - Bab XXI. Naskah-naskah dan Nabi-nabi Ibrani
§ 1. Tempat bangsa Israel dalam sejarah................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................277 § 2. Saul, Daud, dan Salomo................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................286 § 3. Yahudi bangsa belasteran................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................292 § 4. Pengaruh nabi-nabi Ibrani................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................294 - Bab XXII. Bangsa Yunani dan bangsa Persia
§ 1. Suku bangsa Yunani................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................298 § 2. Unsur-unsur khas peradaban Yunani................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................304 § 3. Monarki, aristokrasi, dan demokrasi di Yunani................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................307 § 4. Kerajaan Lidia................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................315 § 5. Kebangkitan bangsa Persia di Timur................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................316 § 6. Kisah Crœsus................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................320 § 7. Darius menginvasi Rusia................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................326 § 8. Pertempuran Marathon................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................332 § 9. Thermopylæ dan Salamis................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................334 § 10. Platæa dan Mycale................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................340 - Bab XXIII. Pemikiran dan Sastra Yunani
§ 1. Warga Athena dari Perikles................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................343 § 2. Sokrates................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................350 § 3. Apa yang menjadi kualitas bangsa Athena umum?................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................352 § 4. Tragedi dan komedi Yunani................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................354 § 5. Plato dan Akademi................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................355 § 6. Aristoteles dan Lyceum................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................357 § 7. Filsafat menjadi tak duniawi................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................359 § 8. Kualitas dan batasan pemikiran Yunani................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................360 - Bab XXIV. Sepak terjang Aleksander Agung
§ 1. Filipos dari Makedonia................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................367 § 2. Pembunuhan Raja Filipos................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................373 § 3. Penaklukan awal Aleksander................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................377 § 4. Pengembaraan Alexander................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................385 § 5. Apakah Aleksander benar-benar agung?................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................389 § 6. Para penerus Aleksander................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................395 § 7. Pergamum sang pengungsi budaya................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................396 § 8. Alexander sebagai landasan persatuan dunia................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................397 - Bab XXV. Ilmu dan Agama di Aleksandria
§ 1. Ilmu Aleksandria................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................401 § 2. Filsafat Aleksandria................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................410 § 3. Aleksandria sebagai pabrik agama................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................410 - Bab XXVI. Kebangkitan dan Penyebaran Agama Buddha
§ 1. Kisah Gautama................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................415 § 2. Ajaran dan legenda dalam konflik................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................421 § 3. Kitab Buddha Gautama................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................422 § 4. Agama Buddha dan Asoka................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................426 § 5. Dua guru Tiongkok agung................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................433 § 6. Penyelewengan agama Buddha................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................438 § 7. Persebaran agama Buddha saat ini................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................440 BUKU V KEBANGKITAN DAN KERUNTUHAN KEKAISARAN ROMAWI - Bab XXVII. Dua Republik Barat
§ 1. Permulaan Latin................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................445 § 2. Jenis negara baru................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................454 § 3. Republik orang kaya Cartagena................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................466 § 4. Perang Punik Pertama................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................467 § 5. Kato yang Tua dan jiwa Cato................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................471 § 6. Perang Punik Kedua................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................475 § 7. Perang Punik Ketiga................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................480 § 8. Bagaimana Perang Punik membayangi kebebasan Romawi................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................485 § 9. Perbandingan republik Romawi dengan negara modern................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................486 - Bab XXVIII. Dari Tiberius Gracchus sampai Kaisar Dewa di Roma
§ 1. Ilmu yang dilontarkan sosok umum................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................493 § 2. Keuangan di negara Romawi................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................496 § 3. Tahun-tahun terakhir politik republik................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................499 § 4. Era panglima petualang................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................505 § 5. Caius Julius Cæsar dan kematiannya................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................509 § 6. Akhir republik................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................513 § 7. Kenapa republik Romawi gagal................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................516 - Bab XXIX. Para Cæsar antara Laut dan Dataran Besar Dunia Lama
§ §1. Katalog pendek para kaisar................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................522 § 2. Peradaban Romawi pada puncaknya................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................529 § 3. Batasan pemikiran Romawi................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................539 § 4. Penyetiran dataran besar................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................541 § 5. Kemunculan Kekaisaran Barat (Romawi yang sebenarnya)................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................552 § 6. Kekaisaran Timur (kebangkitan Yunani)................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................560 BUKU VI KRISTEN DAN ISLAM - Bab XXX. Permulaan, Kebangkitan, dan Perpecahan Kristen
§ 1. Yudea pada zaman Kristen................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................569 § 2. Ajaran-ajaran Yesus dari Nazareth................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................573 § 3. Agama-agama universal................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................582 § 4. Penyaliban Yesus dari Nazareth................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................584 § 5. Doktrin-doktrin yang ditambahkan pada ajaran-ajaran Yesus................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................586 § 6. Perjuangan dan penindasan Kristen................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................594 § 7. Konstantinus Agung................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................598 § 8. Pendirian Kristen resmi................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................601 § 9. Peta Eropa, 500 Masehi................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................605 § 10. Penyelamatan pemahaman oleh Kristen................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................609 - Bab XXXI. Tujuh Abad di Asia (circa 50 SM sampai 650 Masehi)
§ 1. Yustinianus Agung................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................614 § 2. Kekaisaran Sasaniyah di Persia................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................616 § 3. Pendudukan Siria di bawah Sasaniyah................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................619 § 4. Pesan pertama dari Islam................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................623 § 5. Zoroaster dan Mani................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................624 § 6. Suku bangsa Hun di Asia Tengah dan India................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................627 § 7. Zaman agung Tiongkok................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................630 § 8. Pemahaman intelektual Tiongkok................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................635 § 9. Penjelajahan Yuan Chwang................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................642
SKEMA ISI
BUKU VI (Lanjutan) HALAMAN - Bab XXXII. Muhammad dan Islam Arab
§ 1. Arabia sebelum Muhammad................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................1 § 2. Kehidupan Muhammad ke Hegira................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................4 § 3. Muhammad menjadi nabi petarung................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................8 § 4. Ajaran-ajaran Islam................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................14 § 5. Khalifah Abu Bakar dan Omar................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................16 § 6. Masa kejayaan Umayyah................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................22 § 7. Persebaran Islam di bawah Abbasiyah................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................31 § 8. Kehidupan intelektual Islam Arab................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................34 - Bab XXXIII. Dunia Kristen dan Perang Salib
§ 1. Dunia Barat pada titik terrendahnya................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................40 § 2. Sistem feodal................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................42 § 3. kerajaan Franka dari bangsa Merovingia................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................46 § 4. Penyebaran agama Kristen pada bangsa barbar barat................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................48 § 5. Charlemagne menjadi kaisar Barat................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................54 § 6. Kepribadian Charlemagne................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................59 § 7. Prancis dan Jerman menjadi terpisah................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................61 § 8. Bangsa-bangsa Norman, Saracen, Hungaria, dan Turki Seljuk................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................64 § 9. Bagaimana Konstantinopel dihadapkan ke Roma................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................72 § 10. Perang Salib................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................76 § 11. Perang Salib, sebuah ujian Kekristenan................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................84 § 12. Kaisar Frederick II................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................86 § 13. Pembelotan dan pembatasan kepausan................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................90 § 14. Daftar Paus utama................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................96 BUKU VII KEKAISARAN MONGOL RAYA DARI WILAYAH DARAT
DAN KEKAISARAN-KEKAISARAN BARU DARI WILAYAH LAUT- Bab XXXIV. Kekaisaran Besar Jengis Khan dan Para Penerusnya
§ 1. Asia pada akhir abad kedua belas................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................105 § 2. Kebangkitan dan kemenangan bangsa Mongol................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................108 § 3. Perjalanan Marco Polo................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................114 § 4. Turki Utsmaniyah, Khalifah Turki, dan Konstantinopel................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................120 § 5. Kenapa Bangsa Mongol tak terkristenkan................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................126 § 5a. Kublai Khan mendirikan dinasti Yuan................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................127 § 5b. Bangsa Mongol kembali ke persukuan................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................128 § 5c. Kekaisaran Kipchak dan Tsar Muscovy................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................128 § 5d. Timurlane................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................130 § 5e. Kekaisaran Mongol di India................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................133 § 5f. Bangsa Mongol dan bangsa Gipsi................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................137 - Bab XXXV. Pemulihan Peradaban Barat
§ 1. Kristen dan pendidikan populer................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................139 § 2. Eropa mulai memikirkan dirinya sendiri................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................148 § 3. Wabah Besar dan permulaan komunisme................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................153 § 4. Bagaimana kertas membebaskan pemikiran manusia................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................158 § 5. Protestanisme pangeran dan Protestanisme bangsa................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................160 § 6. Kebangkitan kembali ilmu pengetahuan................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................167 § 7. Pertumbuhan kota-kota Eropa baru................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................177 § 8. Amerika muncul dalam sejarah................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................184 § 9. Apa pemikiran Machiavelli terhadap dunia................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................194 § 10. Republik Swiss................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................198 § 11a. Kehidupan Kaisar Charles V................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................199 § 11b. Protestan jika pangeran mengkehendakinya................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................210 § 11c. Intelektual di bawah naungan................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................210 BUKU VIII THE AGE OF THE GREAT POWERS - Bab XXXVI. Pangeran, Parlemen, dan Kekuasaan
§ 1. Para pangeran dan kebijakan asing................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................213 § 2. Republik Inggris................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................218 § 3. Republik Belanda................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................228 § 4. Perpecahan dan ketegangan Jerman................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................232 § 5. Perebakan Monarki Besar di Eropa................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................236 § 6. Pertumbuhan gagasan Kekuatan Besar................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................243 § 7. Republik mahkota Polandia dan nasibnya................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................248 § 8. Perebutan pertama untuk kekaisaran seberang laut................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................251 § 9. Inggris menguasai India................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................254 § 10. Pergerakan Rusia ke Pasifik................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................259 § 11. Apa yang dipikirkan oleh Gibbon terhadap dunia pada 1780................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................262 § 12. Gencatan senjata sosial yang berniat untuk diakhiri................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................269 - Bab XXXVII. Republik Demokratik Baru Amerika dan Prancis
§ 1. Ketidaksesuaian sistem Kekuatan Besar................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................278 § 2. Tiga belas koloni menjelang pemberontakan mereka................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................280 § 3. Perang saudara terjadi pada koloni-koloni................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................286 § 4. Perang Kemerdekaan................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................291 § 5. Konstitusi Amerika Serikat................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................294 § 6. Unsur-unsur primitif konstitusi Amerika Serikat................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................301 § 7. Gagasan revolusioner di Prancis................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................307 § 8. Revolusi tahun 1789................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................311 § 9. "Republik mahkota" prancis '89–'91................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................313 § 10. Revolusi Jacobin................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................321 § 11. Republik Jacobin, 1792–4................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................331 § 12. Direktori................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................337 § 13. Penundaan rekonstruksi dan kemunculan Sosialisme modern................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................339 - Bab XXXVIII. Sepak Terjang Napoleon Bonaparte
§ 1. Keluarga Buonaparte di Korsika................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................348 § 2. Bonaparte sebagai panglima republik................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................349 § 3. Konsul Pertama Napoleon, 1799–1804................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................354 § 4. Kaisar Napoleon I, 1804–1814................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................360 § 5. Seratus Hari................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................368 § 6. pemujaan Napoleonik................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................373 § 7. Peta Eropa pada 1815................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................377 - Bab XXXIX. Kenyataan dan Khayalan Abad Kesembilan Belas. Peningkatan Pengetahuan dan Pemikiran Jernih. Fase Nasionalis
§ 1. Revolusi mekanikal................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................384 § 2. Hubungan mekanikal dengan revolusi industri................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................393 § 3. Fermentasi gagasan, 1848................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................399 § 4. Perkembangan gagasan Sosialisme................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................401 § 5. Kemunculan Sosialisme sebagai skema umat manusia................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................411 § 6. Bagaimana Darwinisme berdampak pada gagasan keagamaan dan politik................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................416 § 7. Mr. Gladstone dan gagasan Nasionalisme................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................426 § 8. Eropa antara 1848 dan 1878................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................436 § 9. Perebutan (kedua) untuk kekaisaran-kekaisaran seberang laut................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................449 § 10. Landasan India di Asia................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................461 § 11. Sejarah Jepang................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................464 § 12. Menjelang masa perluasan wilayah seberang laut................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................469 § 13. Kekaisaran Inggris pada 1914................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................470 - Bab XL. Musibah Internasional tahun 1914 dan Menjelang Zaman Kekuatan Besar
§ 1. Perdamaian bersenjata sebelum Perang Besar................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................475 § 2. Kekaisaran Jerman................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................477 § 3. Jiwa Imperialisme di Inggris dan Irlandia................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................486 § 4. Imperialisme di Prancis, Italia dan Balkan................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................499 § 5. Rusia masih menjadi Monarki Besar pada 1914................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................502 § 6. Amerika Serikat dan gagasan Kekaisaran................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................503 § 7. Sebab langsung Perang Besar................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................508 § 8. Penjelasan Perang Besar sampai 1917................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................513 § 9. Perang Besar dari keruntuhan Rusia sampai gencatan senjata................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................524 § 10. Ketegangan politik, ekonomi, dan sosial yang disebabkan oleh Perang Besar................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................532 § 11. Presiden Wilson dan masalah-masalah Versailles................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................543 § 12. Penjelasan Perjanjian pertama Liga Bangsa-Bangsa................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................558 § 13. Penjelasan umum perjanjian tahun 1919 dan 1920................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................562 § 14. Menghadapi "perang berikutnya"................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................567 § 15. Keadaan pikiran manusia pada 1920................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................572 BUKU IX TAHAP BERIKUTNYA DALAM SEJARAH - Bab XLI. Masa Depan Manusia. Kemungkinan Perjuangan untuk Penyatuan Dunia dalam Satu Komunitas Pengetahuan dan Kehendak
§ 1. Kemungkinan penyatuan kehendak manusia dalam persoalan politik................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................579 § 2. Bagaimana Pemerintahan Dunia Federal dapat didatangkan................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................583 § 3. Beberapa sifat mutlak keadaan dunia modern................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................586 § 4. Apakah dunia ini dapat seperti menyatukan manusia dalam perdamaian dan keadilan umum................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................588 § 5. Tahap-tahap melampaui?................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................594 - Lima Catatan Waktu Persolaan Dunia dari 1000 SM sampai 1920 M................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
599 - Tabel Kronologi dari 800 SM sampai 1920 M................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
605 - Indeks................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
625